The latest allegations of abuse against George Pell have forced me to ask how a church that can do so much good can also be responsible for so much evil
A Facebook reminder from 2008 popped up in my husband's newsfeed last week. It was a photo from World Youth Day in Sydney. He sent me the link with a note, “Hard to believe that this was just eight years ago.”
Just eight years ago, Australia's Cardinal George Pell walked the streets of Sydney unencumbered, basking in the glow of World Youth Day and the adulation of its 250,000 young attendees. The royal commission into institutional responses to sexual abuse hadn't taken place. The Irish government hadn't yet released its official report into sexual abuse in the Catholic church in that country. No one had seen the movie Spotlight. Most people assumed the isolated reports of clerical sexual abuse of children were just that isolated.
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A full moon glows above the new and the old buildings at Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station in Antarctica. The National Science Foundation runs the U.S. Antarctic Program (USAP). In addition to maintaining three U.S. research stations on the continent, USAP supports research projects in an array of scientific disciplines including, for example, aeronomy and astrophysics, biology and medicine, geology and geophysics, glaciology, and ocean and climate systems. Outreach such as the Antarctic Artists and Writers program and education programs are also supported. For more information about USAP, visit the program's website here.
Image credit: Jonathan Berry/National Science Foundation
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Haptics researchers have long known that applying ultrasonic vibrations to a flat, featureless glass plate makes it feel slippery. But they have also long debated why this occurs. A team of researchers has finally put the debate -- and mystery -- to rest. They discovered that the vibrations reduce friction by causing the fingertip to bounce on pockets of trapped air.
Image credit: M. Wiertlewski/CNRS
Our age is characterised by tender self-obsession: what matters is not what you think or do but how you feel
There is no doubt that what everybody wants is happiness. The only problem is what being happy consists in, an issue that moral thinkers have never been able to agree on and probably never will. Is happiness a purely subjective feeling, or can it be somehow measured? Can you be happy without knowing it? Can you only be happy without knowing it? Could someone be thoroughly miserable yet be convinced they were in ecstasy?
In our own time, the concept of happiness has moved from the private sphere to the public one. As William Davies reports in this fascinating study, a growing number of corporations employ chief happiness officers, while Google has a “jolly good fellow” to keep the company's spirits up. Maybe the Bank of England should consider hiring a jester. Specialist happiness consultants advise those who have been forcibly displaced from their homes on how to move on emotionally. Two years ago, British Airways trialled a “happiness blanket”, which turns from red to blue as the passenger becomes more relaxed so that your level of contentment is visible to the flight attendants. A new drug, Wellbutrin, promises to alleviate major depressive symptoms occurring after the loss of a loved one. It is supposed to work so effectively that the American Psychiatric Association has ruled that to be unhappy for more than two weeks after the death of another human being can be considered a mental illness. Bereavement is a risk to one's psychological wellbeing.
The more you chase after money, status and power, the lower your sense of worth is likely to be
Related: Money can't buy happiness? That's just wishful thinking | Ruth Whippman
Continue reading...If you've ever resented crunching frost underfoot on a cold morning, spare a thought for Jupiter's moon Io: when it's in eclipse, the frost on the ground is a big chunk of its atmosphere.…
Gov. Andrew Cuomo announced that registered sex offenders on parole would no longer be able to sign up for Pokémon Go and other Internet-enabled games as conditions of their sentence.
Sophisticated ways of tracking reading habits give publishers hard data that reveals the kinds of books people want to read. But a veteran editor says numbers only go so far in telling the story.
The pistol emoji will be replaced with a green water gun icon, and Apple is also adding new emojis of a pride flag, families with single parents, and women playing sports.
Adm. Michael Rogers, director of the National Security Agency, and NPR's Mary Louise Kelly talk about the state of cybersecurity, the recent hacking into Democratic Party systems and ISIS strategy.
Artificial intelligence is getting stronger. Education must adapt. Here's a framework for separating out the things schools can and should teach that are uniquely human.
The recent hacking of Democratic Party emails has raised questions about the vulnerability of other election-related technology and what potential problems could arise on Election Day.
After receiving backlash for writing a post about gender in the tech industry, Bindu Reddy launched a new social network with the goal of hosting anonymous conversations without harassment or abuse.
Like the world's other great cities, our Tokyo has a richness all its own.
The Restoration was fundamentally a modernization crash course.
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A month ago, I left my job at the San Francisco tech company that bought my advertising startup. I had loved building my company from the ground up, but after six years, I had big plans for my post-acquisition life. I was going to work out. I was going to explore San Francisco. I was going to spend more time with my girlfriend. I was going to meet people outside the startup bubble. I was going to learn something new and immerse myself in it.
It turns out there's an app for almost all of that, and it is Pokémon Go. Since the game's release less than a month ago, players have installed it on mobile devices an estimated 75 million times. Mark Zuckerberg plays Pokémon Go. Justin Bieber, too. While lots of users try the game and drop it, or just play it casually, across the country there's a scene of hardcore players who've gotten truly, deeply hooked. I'm one of them.
For the past three weeks I played Pokémon Go like it was a job. I hunted its cute, cuddly creatures across 80 miles of beaches, parks, sidewalks, and playgrounds in San Francisco and New York. I tracked them on foot, bicycle, car, and pedicab. To my girlfriend's simmering horror, I ran into wild coyotes, was chased off by security guards, and crashed a mysterious 2 a.m. playground gathering. I caught 141 of the 142 Pokémon available in North America.
Which brings me to my final Pokémon.
It's just after midnight on a Sunday and I'm running down Fifth Avenue in New York City, arms pumping, iPhone clutched like a baton. I'm running like a man who doesn't run very often. My shirt is translucent with sweat. I pass Trump Tower. I pass St. Patrick's. I turn onto 47th. I have 32 seconds left. Two men I've never met shout encouragement and wave toward a growing crowd up the street. “She's over there!” I huff and nod. I reach the throng and raise my phone.
With seconds to spare, I spot her. Time slows. She is big, beautiful, and pink, an ovoid vision with six dreadlocks that sway playfully as she hops back and forth. In her marsupial pouch she holds a gleaming white egg. She smiles at me. I smile back. Chansey. My prey. I am here to catch you. I tap my screen, and we face off: me, a 34-year-old newly unemployed tech entrepreneur with far too much time on his hands; she, a gentle, kindhearted cartoon character who is beloved by children worldwide, lays highly nutritious eggs, and is said to bring happiness to whomever catches her.
I curse when I see her power levels. 1,800 combat points! I feed her a Razz Berry to calm her, stroke my beard, and reach for my black and yellow Ultra Balls, the strongest Pokéballs I have as a Level 23 trainer. I have only three left, and I'm all out of blue Great Balls after hours of farming Omanytes in Midtown earlier in the evening. If I can't capture Chansey in three tries, I'm hosed. I bite my lip and toss the first ball. Swipe. She breaks out of the ball … and then runs off in a wisp of animated smoke.
I kick the curb. A nearby player offers condolences. I shake my head. She only appears two or three times a day in Manhattan, and she escaped.
The hunt must go on.
* * *
I am not a Pokémon guy. I never played the original Nintendo games and never watched the cartoon. Three weeks ago I could only name Pikachu and Jigglypuff, and that's because they were characters in Super Smash Bros. Now I know them all. So how did something seemingly aimed at kids hook me, a grown man?
Initially I was just curious about a game my friends were talking about. When I installed Pokémon Go on my iPhone on July 12 and walked around my block in San Francisco's SoMa neighborhood, I caught a few tiny brown Pidgeys and gray fuzzy Zubats—the most common Pokémon—and found the game charming but simplistic. It also seemed to freeze and crash a lot. Niantic, the game's developer, had a lot of work to do.
I wasn't hooked. But the next day, a friend bragged about reaching Level 12—and that got me going. I vowed to top him by hitting up a few spots I'd read about on Reddit. My brief outing ballooned into a six-hour trek. I started at the Presidio in the northwest corner of San Francisco and caught Pokémon all the way up the Embarcadero to the Bay Bridge at the eastern edge. The game's “core loop,” or central activity, proved addictive. The more Pokémon I caught, the higher my levels rose, the more dopamine was released in my brain, and the more Pokémon I wanted to catch. Flopping into bed at 3 a.m., I was exhausted and sore but buzzing. I texted my friends to let them know I'd reached Level 18. The game had its cartoon hooks in me.
Eager to widen the gap, the next night a friend and I attended a “Lure Party” at San Francisco State University thrown by a group that calls itself Mystery Island. Lures are in-game objects that attract Pokémon when activated. Groups like Mystery Island had started finding places with lots of them, lighting them up, and spreading the word on Facebook. Unlike college parties I remembered, this one consisted of hundreds of hoodie-clad people roaming, zombielike, in a circuit around campus for hours with their noses in their phones. It was great. My friend and I both caught Kadabra, a yellow humanoid Pokémon that uses a spoon to give people headaches, and he snagged an Onix, a coal-gray snakelike Pokémon with a magnet in its brain that can burrow through the ground at 50 miles per hour.
The next evening I drove out to Beach Chalet, a restaurant known for its wide view of the Pacific Ocean but now also as the best place to catch Pokémon in the Bay Area. No one knows why, but Beach Chalet attracts a wider variety of Pokémon than any other site around, and at higher volumes. A dissonant scene greeted me when I arrived at about 10 p.m. A handful of diners finished their meals inside. A few bonfires were scattered on the beach. Meanwhile more than 100 Pokémon Go players clogged the sidewalks, front stairs, and parking lot outside. The place was overrun. Apparently that's how it had been all week. And no wonder. In three hours, I picked up Ponyta, a majestic fire horse with hooves tougher than diamonds; Porygon, the world's first man-made robot Pokémon able to traverse cyberspace with ease; and several other rare Pokémon, ultimately bring me to Level 20.
At this point, I'd become less of a Pokémon Go player than a Pokémon Go grinder, a video game term for someone who performs low-level repetitive actions over and over again to achieve some larger result. In a classic role-playing game like Final Fantasy, grinding looks like walking your character through a forest back and forth fighting wolves and imps. But in Pokémon Go, a game that uses the real world as its map, it looks like pacing back and forth in the parking lot of a restaurant while diners and management look on disapprovingly.
You'd think game designers would want to avoid grinding. But many designers look for ways to encourage it. As an example: To unlock Pokémon Go's Gyarados, a super-rare blue water dragon, players have to catch 100 Magikarps, common goldfish Pokémon that are terrible at everything. Since even the shorter Pokémon captures take a minute or so, unless a player can find a Gyarados in the wild (very unlikely), the only way to get one is to grind for hours—or usually much longer.
Developers encourage grinding because players either get hooked and put in the time, increasing engagement, or they start looking for ways to speed things up. This opens the door for developers to sell them in-game items for real money that accelerate progress. In Pokémon Go that means buying items like incubators that hatch Pokémon and Lucky Eggs, which double the amount of experience points you earn for 30 minutes. To date I've spent about $100 on Pokémon Go's in-game items. I'm not alone. Experts estimate the game is bringing in $10 million a day from item sales. Grinding, and the avoidance of it, is big business.
* * *
But it still is a grind. Around the time I reached Level 20 I started losing interest in doing things the slow way. It was getting too hard. As you level up in Pokémon Go, you need more and more points to reach the next one. Players refer this to as the “soft cap.” Instead of needing to catch 30 Pidgeys and evolve 10 to level up, I now needed hundreds. Pitting my Pokémon against others in PokéGyms, in-game locations where Pokémon battle to earn coins and score points for your Pokémon team, had proved equally unappealing. Winning battles was just a matter of mindlessly tapping your screen. And why was I supposed to care about being on Team Mystic?
So I did what every entrepreneur does when he hits a roadblock. I pivoted, from leveling up to focusing on catching the 80 or so North American Pokémon I hadn't snagged yet.
But how? The game had initially shipped with a radar feature that told players which Pokémon were nearby and how close they were, but a week after launch it stopped working; as of this week's game update, it's been stripped entirely. Without working radar to collect the rarest Pokémon, I'd have to wait at locations where they were rumored to appear and hope to get lucky. For highly evolved Pokémon like the heavily muscled martial-arts master Machamp and the 5,000 IQ psychic Alakazam, I could catch dozens of their lower forms and evolve them up—but that could take weeks of sitting in my idling car at Beach Chalet.
Fortunately, the internet intervened. While I'd been capturing Pidgeys up and down the Embarcadero, clever developers had reverse-engineered the game, building things on top of it (all in violation of the game's terms of service) and posting them to Reddit. There were data miners, programs that log all the Pokémon that spawn in a given town or city over a period of time so Niantic's algorithms could be analyzed and hopefully cracked. There were bots, programs that play the game on autopilot, catching Pokémon, snagging items, and racking up points. A friend launched a bot on a burner account, fed it the coordinates to the Tate Modern, and went to bed. By morning it had caught hundreds of Pokémon across London and reached Level 15.
But the most important projects were the scanners, programs, websites, and apps that map where Pokémon spawn and how long until they disappear by spoofing player presence at in-game locations and recording what appears. Some argued that using them is cheating, but with the in-game radar broken, they became the only way to see just where Pokémon were hiding.
The answers were sobering. It turns out that while Pokémon appear mostly at random at preset spawn points, the best Pokémon appear much more frequently near the tourist attractions and public spaces common in cities and large metropolitan areas. The scanners broke the illusion that rare Pokémon might appear anywhere at any time and showed rural and suburban players they were getting a raw deal.
On the bright side, the scanners opened up a whole new way to play. I installed one on a private server I SSH into from my phone. I could now actively hunt Pokémon instead of pacing around passively gathering. Thus I kicked off a new routine: Drive to a neighborhood after dark in my trusty 2001 Camry, park, and launch a scan. If it picked up anything good, I'd chart a course in Google Maps and drive to it before the time expired. I was now playing a version of Pokémon Go that looked less like Final Fantasy and more like Grand Theft Auto.
My PokéScanner was super effective. It led me all over San Francisco after dark. It led me around Bernal Heights Park, where I farmed Vulpix with its six gorgeous tails and almost mowed down a wild coyote that darted in front of my car. It led me to Coit Tower where I caught a Lickitung, owner of a 7-foot tongue that sticks to anything, and saw a second coyote jog past me. It led me to the Golden Gate Park lily pond where I caught the dopey Slowpoke in pitch darkness and ran in terror from the sound of something breathing nearby. It led me to Fort Mason to farm blue turtlelike Squirtles in the midst of a J-Pop festival. I had a blast zooming around these places at night, gassing up my car alongside the taxi drivers, scarfing down quesadillas alongside cops, even when I ended up somewhere scary.
A bit after 2 a.m. on Thursday—Day 4 of my new style of gameplay—my scanner showed Pikachu, the iconic yellow electric Pokémon, at Mission Playground with only three minutes left on the clock. I needed to catch three more to evolve one into Raichu, Pikachu's advanced form, so I set off. I arrived in two minutes, pulled into the playground parking area, slammed my brakes and raised my phone. To my delight, there were actually two Pikachu. I caught both. As I basked in my victory, I saw movement in the corner of my eye. I looked up. A dozen men stood in my headlights surrounding my car. I looked at them. They looked at me. They looked unhappy. I gingerly backed out, then sped away. I don't know who they were or why they were hanging out at 2 a.m. in a playground in the heart of Sureño territory, but I didn't want to stick around to find out.
After my week hunting in San Francisco, a work opportunity brought me to New York City. I continued my steady march to a complete Pokédex, though my approach changed. While San Francisco's sprawl promoted a car-centric lone-wolf hunting approach, in Manhattan the serious players congregate in the southeast corner of Central Park and hunt on foot, in packs. This makes for a much more social experience. In the park you'll find players operating free phone-charging stations and others selling discounted drinks and snacks. When someone running a scanner spots a rare Pokémon, like my Chansey, they holler and like clockwork everyone picks up and swarms to that location, traffic be damned.
This collaborative pack-hunter mentality works because Pokémon Go is cleverly designed to never be a zero-sum experience. If a player sees a rare Pokémon like a Blastoise and catches it, she isn't removing it from the game so others can't catch it. Others can all catch it too. This “plenty for everyone” design incentivizes collaboration: sharing nest locations, offering tips to boost scores, and even helping each other get from Point A to Point B.
Last Tuesday night at 2 a.m., I was at the American Museum of Natural History farming Charmander, the lizard Pokémon with a flame tail, with a group I'd just met when one picked up a Dragonite, the rare bright orange dragon, on his scanner on the far east edge of Manhattan. Three of us—me, a Wall Street trader, and a Pizza Hut delivery man—decided to split a cab and go for it. When we got there with seconds to spare and each caught our own Dragonite, it felt like a team victory.
* * *
It's 10:21 p.m. in New York, two nights after my first big miss with Chansey. I am eating a hot dog on 36th Street when PokéVision picks her up again. Hello, beautiful. She is 14 blocks north at Central Park's southern entrance with 13 minutes on the clock. I toss the dog and hustle to the corner. No taxis anywhere. In desperation I hail a pedicab. As we travel uptown I ask the driver how much it costs. He pauses. “$5 per minute.” I feel like an idiot but can't get too upset since we're making good time up Sixth Avenue. We pull up to the corner and I realize I don't have enough cash to pay and don't have enough time to hit an ATM without losing my shot on Chansey. I tell the driver I need to run across the street for a second “to take a picture” but will be right back. He nods and I slip off to my second date with the pink dream-crusher.
There's a crowd, players who flocked over from the park plaza en masse. I whip out my phone and spot her. Chansey. I let out a whoop when her stats appear. 244 CP. This will be easy. Not willing to risk anything, I feed her a Razz Berry again and reach for my Ultra Balls. This time I'm well-stocked. I wipe a sweaty hand on my jeans and make the first toss. A “Great” hit! The ball opens, emits light, and sucks her in. I raise my fists in triumph and look around for someone, anyone to share the moment with before turning back to the screen … which has frozen. I had run into the dreaded “PokéBall glitch” in which the game freezes randomly after a catch.
With trembling hands I reboot the app and flip to my journal to see if I'd somehow caught her. No Chansey.
* * *
It's been a few days now since I've gone out. That's partly because of the crushing disappointment of twice missing Chansey and partly because I've run low on Pokémon to catch and levels to reach. Much to my girlfriend's relief, my PokéMadness appears to be clearing. Niantic's CEO recently stated he's “not a fan” of the scanner apps, and the company has shut down the most popular ones, like PokéVision. (Mine is safe for now.) It makes sense. What designer likes having his or her design subverted? But roaring around San Francisco in my car at 3 a.m. and biking through an empty Times Square in the wee hours to catch a cartoon monster before he disappears was exhilarating. It let me experience the real world with the heightened awareness and focus that comes from being alone on an urgent mission. Without the scanners or working in-game radar, players will be forced back to gathering whatever Pokémon randomly spring up. It's Niantic's game, and I don't want to sound too grumpy about a thing that's brought me so many fun moments, but I, and many others, will miss being able to play it proactively.
As I come to my senses and return to a regular sleep schedule, it's funny to think that Pokémon Go has, in fact, checked off all the boxes on my post-employment list.
I got exercise: The night I farmed Machop in Midtown on bicycle left me so tired I napped on a bench in Bryant Park before limping back to my hotel. I explored: My girlfriend has long teased me for my lack of knowledge of San Francisco, but after my night crawling I now know where (almost) everything is. (I'm not sure what to think about the fact that it took a video game to prompt this.) And I met people outside my bubble in places like Marina Green, Central Park, and Mission Playground.
But if I'm honest, I did a lot of it for the simple pleasure of going all out at something hard. Maybe, like Walter White, I did it to feel alive. Maybe I did it to fill a startup-shaped void I still have to sort out. I'm pretty sure I worked as hard at this as I did at any single thing in my company. I've yet to catch 'em all, and I'm not sure I ever will, but I'm close.
And I'll be ready. Even now, my Ultra Balls are well-stocked, my spare battery is at 100 percent, and my scanner is running, searching Manhattan for the elusive pink monster who brings happiness to whomever catches her.
Read more in Slate about Pokémon Go.
BT.com | Creepily realistic Japanese robot can move, make facial expressions and sing all on its own BT.com “Alter” is a very clever but slightly unsettling new addition to the National Museum of Emerging Science and Innovation in Tokyo. 0. Share this. Facebook; Twitter; Google plus; Email; Share. 0. Creepily realistic Japanese robot can move, make facial ... This Japanese Robot Is Proof That Mankind Is DoomedHuffington Post UK Japan Science Museum has singing robot for all to seeNorthern California News Creepy New Robot Worth A Look [Video]Nigeria Today all 5 news articles » |
Times of India | Scientists develop 3D robot that can swim, crawl and climb Times of India JERUSALEM: In a breakthrough, scientists have developed a three-dimensional (3D) robot that can move forward or backward in a wave-like motion, allowing it to climb over obstacles, swim or crawl through unstable terrain like sand, grass and gravel. Wave robot able to crawl, swim and climb with single motorE&T magazine This wave-propelled robot can swim, crawl and climbThe Indian Express Amazing 'wave' robot can crawl into your stomach, swim around and examine you from the insideMirror.co.uk all 6 news articles » |
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Photo Lab by Ross Farnham posted a photo:
I only took 2 shots at this spot and this is the second one. I wasn't terribly happy with the way I pp'd the first shot but was so eager to process on Friday night to see how it looked. Much happier with the way this one looks but as always I wait your comments.
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Thanks for all the views, Please check out my other photos and albums.
Waterford_Man posted a photo:
Thanks for all the views, Please check out my other photos and albums.
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Thanks for all the views, Please check out my other photos and albums.
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According to a recent poll, just 10 per cent of Americans are excited about voting for either of the two political parties' presidential candidates in November.…
Last year, the United Nations estimated there were more than 21 million refugees scattered across the globe—a level unseen since World War II. As the 2016 Olympic games approached, International Olympic Committee President Thomas Bach saw an opportunity to focus global attention on the crisis, and to give some of the athletes among this huge stateless population a chance to compete on the world stage. The IOC selected a group of 10 refugee athletes from South Sudan, Syria, Congo and Ethiopia to compete for the newly-formed Refugee Olympic Team. During the Opening Ceremony, the team will march into the stadium carrying the Olympic flag.
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Moody sunset picture of the houses of parliament, taken from the embankment.
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New EU regulation blacklists 37 non-native plant and animal species in a bid to tackle threats to native wildlife and economic losses
The north American raccoon, an Asian hornet and an American cabbage are among 37 invasive species that will be banned from being brought into the UK from Wednesday when a new EU regulation comes into effect.
The continent-wide rules now make it illegal to import, keep, breed or grow, transport, sell or use, or release into the environment without a permit the listed invasive, non-native plant and animal species. But the ban will no longer apply when then UK leaves the EU.
Related: EU clamps down on grey squirrels and other invasive wildlife
Continue reading...If you've eaten at a Chili's, Uno Pizzeria, or Applebee's in recent years, you might have encountered a touchscreen menu: a tablet from which you can select your order instead of talking to a server. Uno found that installing touchscreen menus in some restaurants pushed their dessert sales up by 30 percent, Planet Money reported last year. “One theory is that customers feel like waiters will judge them if they order dessert right after they've eaten a huge pizza,” said reporter Stacey Vanek Smith, whereas a machine won't judge them.
In a paper soon to be published in the Journal of Marketing Research, a trio of researchers offer an alternate explanation: Using touchscreens to select food makes us feel like we are actually reaching toward that food to grab it, which makes us more likely to select “affect-laden products” (like cheesecake) than “cognitively superior products” (like fruit salad). Hao Shen and Meng Zhang of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Aradhna Krishna of the University of Michigan found that university students in Hong Kong were more likely to choose hypothetical junk food over hypothetical healthier options when they used a touchscreen than when they used a desktop computer with a mouse. Interestingly, the effect also held when the researchers compared touching a touchscreen to using a stylus on a touchscreen. It was the act of touching the screen that apparently triggered hedonistic choices, rather than the convenience or interface of the touchscreen.
A few caveats are necessary: The studies used a small sample size in each phase of the study, between 85 and 228 students. Some of the students participated for extra credit, and the others were paid the equivalent of $1.30, which means they might not have had much of an incentive to take the study seriously. And the effect of touching the touchscreen was not huge: 95 percent of people using a touchpad selected hypothetical cheesecake over hypothetical fruit salad, but so did 73 percent of people using a desktop computer. Yes, the touchscreen apparently lowered people's resistance to the cheesecake, but most people were going to choose cheesecake no matter what.
This isn't the first (or last) study to attempt to tease out how external factors can affect what and how much we eat. Think of all those studies on whether plate size affects consumption, or a recent study showing that people make healthier food choices when they eat under bright lights. These kinds of studies are useful for the food service industry, which can use findings like this to bolster sales of items with a high profit margin. (It's no coincidence that the researchers behind the touchscreen study are professors of marketing.) These studies are also useful for regulators who want to understand how food manufacturers and vendors exploit consumers' unconscious weaknesses. They're also arguably just plain interesting, even if their conclusions ought to be taken with a grain of salt.
But I worry that studies like this play into a larger cultural narrative—one that also gets pushed by the diet industry, often onto women—that people just can't trust themselves around food, that our instincts will lead us astray. A person who is concerned about his or her eating habits or weight might read about this study and conclude, “Oh god, I won't be able to control myself if I follow my gut; my intuition is trying to undermine me.” This is the harmful notion that underpins most eating disorders. It's self-evident that external factors affect what one eats, but that doesn't mean that eating healthfully requires rigidly counting every calorie so that you don't fall prey to touchscreens or big plates or dim lighting. People can trust your gut if they eat when they're hungry, stop eating when they're full, and pay attention to how different foods make them feel. If you're not used to eating intuitively, this is really hard, and even scary, at first—but once you get the hang of it, the possibility that a touchscreen might have a small influence on your order won't freak you out. And neither will the possibility that you might sometimes choose cheesecake over fruit salad.
JM Barrie's boy who never grew up shows the author understood key aspects of infant cognition decades ahead of academics, argues neuroscientist
JM Barrie might be most famous for his classic story of a flying boy who never grows up, but the author was also far ahead of his time when it came to cognitive psychology, according to a Cambridge academic who argues in a new book that the Peter Pan author's whimsical stories deliberately explore the nature of cognition.
Neuroscientist Rosalind Ridley, of Newnham College in Cambridge, claims in the just-published Peter Pan and the Mind of JM Barrie that the author's work identifies key stages of child development. One scene she spotlights in Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens, published in 1906, sees a girl giving a tearful Peter her handkerchief, which he is confused by. “So she showed him, that is to say she wiped her eyes, and then gave it back to him, saying: ‘Now you do it,' but instead of wiping his own eyes he wiped hers, and she thought it would be best to pretend that this is what she had meant,” writes Barrie.
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Claressa Shields was just 17 years old when she won the gold medal for women's boxing in London in 2012, and now she's ranked first going into the 2016 Olympics in Rio de Janeiro. This excerpt from the feature-length documentary, T-Rex: Her Fight for Gold, is a glimpse of how challenging it's been for Shields to ascend to boxing greatness from her hometown of Flint, Michigan. The film is a beautiful, coming-of-age tale that emphasizes the transience and disappointments of athletic success. Despite her wins, Shields has to contend with not receiving the recognition and endorsements that come to many other Olympic champions. The full documentary airs August 2, 2016, on PBS, and will stream online during the month of August. For more information, visit the Independent Lens website.
There are several things going on when you see someone looking at you, all of which happen very quickly.
This applies to actually seeing someone looking at you, not "sensing it" from behind or in the periphery.
Primates (including humans) are unique in the degree to which the eyeball can move around in the eye socket. This allows visual attention to be shifted quickly without physically moving the head.
Primates and certain other mammals can tell when another animal is looking at them, but humans are particularly good at doing this from a distance. In fact, humans have the added ability to be able to tell where someone is looking, even when it is not at them.
It is easy to see why this skill confers an evolutionary advantage: By being able to do this, you can essentially "read out" the location of another animal's attention. If you are a social animal, and the one looking at you is a superior, you'd better behave. Or if it is an inferior, you are being challenged and need to respond so you don't lose your place in the status hierarchy. For humans, knowing where another human is looking allows you to read their mind regarding what they are thinking about. This is invaluable when trying to learn language, since it allows you to pair particular words with particular objects in the environment. Pointing is also effective for this.
So, how do we do it?
Detecting the direction of gaze has to do with noticing the relative location of the dark spot of the eye (the pupil and iris) in the context of the whites of the eye. The differential size and location of the white region shows where the eye is pointed. And if the pupil is exactly in the middle with equal white regions on each side, then the eyes are looking at you. We can see this from across the room. Head direction also provides a cue, which is primarily determined by where the region of the two eyes and the nose are relative to oval face region, with hair as another reference marker. When the head is turned, the brain has to do some geometry to determine gaze direction from both head angle and relative eye angle.
Figure: Ratio of dark to light region of eye reveals direction of gaze. Bottom row: Location of facial features relative to head reveals head orientation. The visual system combines head orientation and eye orientation to calculate direction of gaze.
There is an additional effect that happens when "eyes meet". When you look at someone and they look back, you have the feeling that your gaze was met. This can feel uncomfortable, and the person who was "caught" often quickly looks away. This effect is caused by a feedback loop. The second person to make eye contact sees immediately that the first person is looking at them. The first person realizes they were "discovered" and responds often according to perceived relative status or confidence. There is also the mutual knowing that eyes met, which becomes a shared event establishing a transient relationship.
The meeting of gaze helps people recognize each other. You may think you recognize someone, but if they seem to think they recognize you too by not looking away, then the odds are greater that you are both correct. The visual systems of both individuals thus collaborate to establish mutual recognition. This happens quickly and subconsciously, allowing the social exchange to move forward toward acknowledging each other. If one person doesn't acknowledge back, it becomes an awkward case of mistaken identity.
Public speakers use the illusion of eye contact to create emotional intimacy with the audience. When people learn public speaking, they are told to glance around the room as they talk. This creates the illusion of intermittent eye contact with as many people in the room as possible, which allows the audience to feel that the speaker is talking to them personally, creating a feeling of intimacy with the speaker.
When TV newscasters deliver the news, they want the audience to have the impression they are talking to them. To accomplish this, they talk to the camera lens as if it was a person. In movies, actors avoid looking at the camera so that the audience never experiences mutual eye contact with them, preserving the feeling that the viewer is invisible. To look at the camera is called "breaking the fourth wall."
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These photographs showing the construction of landmark London buildings and infrastructure projects are taken from Collage: The London Picture Archive, a new website home to more than a quarter of a million images of the UK capital spanning the last 550 years. The site also hosts The London Picture Map, an interactive record of lost buildings and places
Continue reading...It took husband-and-wife designers 13 years to get this 162m-tall ‘vertical pier' built in Brighton but is it a feat of architecture or a corporate branding post?
To some it's the Brighton Pole, to others it is Sussex's supersized lollipop. Naughtier minds have dubbed it “the cock and ring”. Before it has even opened, the south coast's new observation tower has gathered a gaggle of nicknames and you can see why, when its creators insist on calling it the British Airways i360.
Related: 'It's a bonkers, outsized flagpole': Brighton greets the world's tallest moving observation tower
It makes you wish for the simpler age of balloons and baskets, and a gulp of fresh air
Related: Don't hate the Dudl-eye big wheels can turn towns around
Continue reading...Robert Welch Designs has reproduced the six-slice Campden toast rack in a limited edition run to mark the product's 60th anniversary.
The new edition of the Campden toast rack is £40 and is available to buy from the new Design Museum shop in London.
There are only 600 copies of the reissued toast rack available, which are numbered and come with a replicate of its original packaging.
The Campden is a simple, stainless steel toast rack, which was first produced for kitchenware company Old Hall, where Welch was consultant designer.
It was first produced in 1956 in four and six-slice options, and remained in manufacture until 1982, when it was discontinued.
It was one of three award-winning products Welch produced for Old Hall, alongside a range of 22 dishes and the distinctive Alveston range of cutlery, known for its inverted or “hollow” handles, which aim to provide balance.
The toast rack was part of the Campden collection, which included saucepans, candle holders, a coffee set, cutlery and salt and pepper shakers.
It was also exhibited as a single item, seen at Robert's first solo exhibition at Foyle's Art Gallery in 1956, and received a Council of Industrial Design award in 1957, where it was described as having “elegant and ingenious construction”. The toast rack was also included in the council's annual Design of the Year exhibition in 1958.
The Campden range's simple aesthetic made it unique in the 1950s, as Welch's designs conveyed a rawness and realism while other manufacturers adopted ornate styles.
It was named after the designer's design studio based on the top floor of the Old Silk Mill in Chipping Campden, the Cotswolds, which he set up in 1955.
Alongside the Design Museum, the reissued toast rack is also available to buy from the Robert Welch website, or from the Robert Welch shops in Chipping Campden and Bath, and the Compton Verney shop in Warwickshire.
All photos © Robert Welch.
The post Robert Welch Campden toast rack reissued in limited edition run appeared first on Design Week.
The creative industries are growing faster than any other business sector across the majority of the UK, with design outstripping the likes of advertising, architecture and film, according to a new report.
The Geography of Creativity, produced by charities Nesta and Creative England, highlights the Department for Culture, Media and Sport's (DCMS) findings that the Gross Value Added for the creative industries was £81.4 billion in 2014.
Within these industries, the report finds that the design sub-sector alongside software and digital businesses has some of the highest rates of growth.
Comparing data from 2007 to 2014 from sources including the Office for National Statistics, the report shows that businesses within the design industry have an average growth rate of over 20%, and over 30% when viewed in terms of turnover and employment rates.
While London is shown to be the dominant location in most creative sub-sectors responsible for 40% of jobs and a third of creative businesses the report also highlights smaller hotspots of creative activity thriving across the rest of the UK as well.
In total the report counts a total of 47 “creative clusters” all over the country. It suggests that around one in five of these are in the North of England, with Scotland and Wales also identified as having “thriving creative ecossytems”.
The report differentiates between “creative cities” such as Glasgow, Manchester and Brighton which tend to have highly diversified creative industries, while “creative conurbations” including Slough and High Wycombe are generally more specialised.
“These clusters specialising in a smaller number of creative sub-sectors with a high technology component may be less ‘hip' than creative cities like Brighton, Liverpool and Glasgow, but our research suggests they make significant economic contributions,” according to the report.
“In particular, they are associated with larger-sized creative businesses, and potentially higher levels of business productivity.”
Despite the high levels of growth and productivity among creative sectors such as design, the report also suggests that more support ought to be offered to creative businesses on both a local and national level.
“Over half of Local Enterprise Partnerships fail to even mention the creative industries in their strategy plans. We hope that the evidence that we have presented in this report…will persuade some of them to…take action to boost the creative industries growth that is taking place on their doorstep,” says the report.
“We also believe that national and devolved governments can play a more active role to scale up creative clusters outside London and the South East, with well-resourced, locally relevant interventions along the lines of Nesta's previous recommendations.”
Caroline Norbury, chief executive of Creative England, adds: “This report clearly shows the power of the creative industries to drive jobs and prosperity not only in London and the south east, but in communities across the UK.
“”It is more crucial now than perhaps ever before, that we work together to make sure our creative industries are equipped to play their part in driving a strong economy and maintaining our position as a world leader in an increasingly competitive global marketplace.”
The post Design is still one of the fastest growing creative industries in the UK, report shows appeared first on Design Week.
The Beijing Organising Committee for the 2022 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games has announced it is looking for expressions of interest for the logo design of both competitions.
The games are set to take place in Beijing and Zhangijakou in 2022. At an event to mark the one-year anniversary of Beijing winning the bid, the organising committee set out broad proposals for the identity competition.
Both Olympic and Paralympic identities will need to reference the Beijing event and broader Chinese culture, according to the committee, which hopes the identity will be “globally accepted” and “demonstrate the Chinese image to the world.”
The identity will need to capture the Olympic and Paralympic spirit and embody the culture and values of the host city and country. Furthermore the logos need to be inspiring and show that they can be recognised by domestic and international communities, according to organisers.
Designs will need to stand up to the requirements of TV broadcasters, visual effects and digital platforms.
A series of key words and phrases have been given as broad guidelines for designers. These include running the Games in a “green, open, shared and honest manner”, the idea of “millions of people participating in winter sports,” as well as sustainable development and cues such as “cohesion, sport, strength,” and “world, reunion, festival”.
There are currently no detailed briefing documents available. The organising committee says that the “technical documents” will be “available to the public shortly”.
At the time of publication The Beijing Organising Committee for the 2022 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games was unable to confirm whether it was looking for professional designers to bid.
The post Beijing 2022 Olympic Winter Games seeks logo designer appeared first on Design Week.
At 99U, our mission of empowering the creative community community encompasses more than this very site. If it's helpful to you, our readers, we want to be there. It's in that spirit that 99U and our sister site Behance produce industry-leading live events. And for the first time, we are looking for an experienced Creative Events Manager to spearhead these efforts.
We're on the hunt for a Type A personality who loves every part of the event planning process — especially the parts that involve a top-flight attendee experience — and is excited at the prospect of expanding two of our favorite efforts: our yearly 99U Conference and our Behance Portfolio Reviews. Our live events are the crown jewel of the 99U and Behance missions, a chance to serve an amazing creative community with speakers, workshops, organizers, and parties head and shoulders above any other conference on Earth.
Candidly, this role requires lots of experience executing large events. The idea of negotiating a six-figure venue contract while curating and coaching world-renowned speakers while charting the perfect ticket registration experience should feel like a walk in the park. Sound like you? Read our full description below for more.
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99U is Adobe's Webby-award winning publication whose mission is to provide the “missing curriculum” for building an incredible creative career. Through our daily online articles, best-selling book series, popular quarterly magazine, and yearly sold-out conference, we provide actionable insights that empower the creative community.
The Creative Events Manager will be responsible for managing the current, and developing future, community-facing live events. This is to include the production and curation of Portfolio Review Week and The 99U Conference. This position will also work closely with the Editor and Creative Director of 99U to develop the brand's project roadmap.
99U is a small team, but we punch above our weight class. Each member must be an independent worker, someone who can take end goals and then execute with an extremely high level of autonomy. You must have a passion for organizing flawless events, a love of serving niche communities, a bias towards action, and an ability to work on deadline. We have fun and take a great deal of pride in our work — and you should too.
To apply, send the following to behanceedits@gmail.com:
within the museum's courtyard, the brooklyn-based firm has installed a kinetic living sculpture that hangs overhead visitors and passersby.
The post nomad studio suspends an aerial garden at the contemporary art museum of saint louis appeared first on designboom | architecture & design magazine.
misha petrick envisions the popular picture sharing app on a windows 95 operating system, with its 8-bit graphics, pixelated MS sans serif font, and familiar teal blue background.
The post designer goes back in time to bring us instagram for windows 95 appeared first on designboom | architecture & design magazine.
the exhibition 'piston head II' spotlights the ways in which a car can be both a cultural icon and sculptural object.
The post artists engage the automobile at LA's venus gallery appeared first on designboom | architecture & design magazine.
Swedish authorities are investigating the mysterious case of a Smaland man whose wedding tackle went into rapid decline after his dentist prescribed a mouthguard to cure him of grinding his teeth.…
Pixar has mastered the art of making grown-ups cry, and in films like Up, Monsters Inc, and Toy Story 3, the score plays a big part in eliciting that emotion. So why doesn't every movie simply add sad music to an already sad scene? It's not that easy, warns Youtuber Sideways, in this smart video essay that explains how the process is way more complicated than simply changing the key.
If you want to create an emotional response, the essay argues, the best method is to create dissonance between what the audience hears, and what they see. That's what gives us such effective tearjerkers as “Ellie's Theme” and “So Long”—both songs that were used in happier scenes before transforming others from sad to devastating. And it's a lesson that other movies could learn from, as Sideways so ably demonstrates here.
A major revision is required in our understanding of our Milky Way Galaxy according to an international team led by Prof Noriyuki Matsunaga of the University of Tokyo. The Japanese, South African and Italian astronomers find that there is a huge region around the center of our own Galaxy, which is devoid of young stars.
The Milky Way is a spiral galaxy containing many billions of stars with our Sun about 26,000 light years from its centre. Measuring the distribution of these stars is crucial to our understanding of how our Galaxy formed and evolved. Pulsating stars called Cepheids are ideal for this. They are much younger (between 10 and 300 million years old) than our Sun (4.6 billion years old) and they pulsate in brightness in a regular cycle. The length of this cycle is related to the luminosity of the Cepheid, so if astronomers monitor them they can establish how bright the star really is, compare it with what we see from Earth, and work out its distance.
The artist's impression below shows the implied distribution of young stars, represented here by Cepheids shown as blue stars, plotted on the background of a drawing of the Milky Way.
Despite this, finding Cepheids in the inner Milky Way is difficult, as the Galaxy is full of interstellar dust which blocks out light and hides many stars from view. Matsunaga's team compensated for this, with an analysis of near-infrared observations made with a Japanese-South African telescope located at Sutherland, South Africa. To their surprise they found hardly any Cepheids in a huge region stretching for thousands of light years from the core of the Galaxy.
Noriyuki Matsunaga explains: "We already found some while ago that there are Cepheids in the central heart of our Milky Way (in a region about 150 light years in radius). Now we find that outside this there is a huge Cepheid desert extending out to 8000 light years from the center."
This suggests that a large part of our Galaxy, called the Extreme Inner Disk, has no young stars. Co-author Michael Feast notes: "Our conclusions are contrary to other recent work, but in line with the work of radio astronomers who see no new stars being born in this desert."
Another author, Giuseppe Bono, points out: "The current results indicate that there has been no significant star formation in this large region over hundreds of millions years. The movement and the chemical composition of the new Cepheids are helping us to better understand the formation and evolution of the Milky Way."
Cepheids have more typically been used to measure the distances of objects in the distant Universe, and the new work is an example instead of the same technique revealing the structure of our own Milky Way.
The team publish their work in a paper in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.
The Daily Galaxy via The University of Tokyo
China is planning to build an enormous particle accelerator twice the size and seven times as powerful as CERN's Large Hadron Collider, according to state media reports. According to China Daily, the new facility will be capable of producing millions of Higgs boson particles - a great deal more than the Large Hadron Collider which originally discovered the ‘God particle' back in 2012.
"We have completed the initial conceptual design and organized international peer review recently, and the final conceptual design will be completed by the end of 2016," Wang Yifang, director of the Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, told China Daily in an exclusive interview.
The institute has been operating major high-energy physics projects in China, such as the Beijing Electron Positron Collider and the Daya Bay Reactor Neutrino experiment. Now scientists are proposing a more ambitious new accelerator with seven times the energy level of the Large Hadron Collider in Europe. The first phase of the project's construction is scheduled to begin between 2020 and 2025.
“So far the Standard Model seems to explain matter, but we know there has to be something beyond the Standard Model,” said Denise Caldwell, director of the Physics Division of the National Science Foundation. “This potential new physics can only be uncovered with more data that will come with the next LHC run.”
The Standard Model contains no explanation of gravity, which is one of the four fundamental forces in the universe. It also does not explain astronomical observations of dark matter, a type of matter that interacts with our visible universe only through gravity, nor does it explain why matter prevailed over antimatter during the formation of the early universe. The small mass of the Higgs boson also suggests that matter is fundamentally unstable.
Gerald Hooft, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics, said in an interview to Doha-based broadcaster Al Jazeera that China's proposed collider, if built, "will bring hundreds, probably thousands, of top class scientists with different specializations, from pure theory to experimental physics and engineering, from abroad to China". Chinese scientists have completed an initial conceptual design of a super giant particle collider which will be bigger and more powerful than any particle accelerator on Earth.
In July 2012, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, also known as CERN, announced that it had discovered the long sought-after Higgs boson-the "God particle", regarded as the crucial link that could explain why other elementary particles have mass-on LHC. The discovery was believed to be one of the most important in physics for decades. Scientists are hopeful that it will further explain nature and the universe we live in.
The high-energy frontier has traditionally had one primary goal, to probe directly any uncharted physics waters. This has translated into the gigantic effort to complete the unobserved elements of the Standard Model of particle physics as well as to search for for signs of physics beyond.These measurements form a solid base from which searches for physics beyond the standard model have been launched. Since the discovery of the Higgs in 2012, searches for supersymmetry and several signatures of possible new exotic physics phenomena have been developed, and new parameter space is being explored.
In 2016, the Large Hadron Collider, the world's most powerful proton smasher, is preparing for its biggest run yet which scientists hope will uncover new particles that could dramatically change our understanding of the Universe. Scientists had been gearing up to resume experiments at the LHC this week, but the plans were delayed after a weasel wandered onto a high-voltage electrical transformer last Friday, causing a short-circuit. CERN told AFP that experiments were now expected to get underway next week.
The LHC, housed in a 27-kilometre (17-mile) tunnel straddling the French-Swiss border, has shaken up physics before. In 2012 it was used to prove the existence of the Higgs Boson -- the long-sought maker of mass -- by crashing high-energy proton beams at velocities near the speed of light. (A proton-lead ion collision, shown below as observed by the LHCb detector during the 2013 data-taking period LHCb/CERN). The giant lab might prove the exotic theory of supersymmetry, SUSY for short, which suggests the existence of a heavier "sibling" for every particle in the universe. The unexpected excess pair of photons spotted last year could be a larger cousin of the Higgs, according to one theory.
While LHC is composed of 27-kilometer-long accelerator chains and detectors buried 100 meters underground at the border of Switzerland and France, scientists only managed to spot hundreds of Higgs boson particles, not enough to learn the structure and other features of the particle.
With a circumference of 50 to 100 km, however, the proposed Chinese accelerator Circular Electron Positron Collider (CEPC) will generate millions of Higgs boson particles, allowing a more precise understanding.
"The technical route we chose is different from LHC. While LHC smashes together protons, it generates Higgs particles together with many other particles," Wang said. "The proposed CEPC, however, collides electrons and positrons to create an extremely clean environment that only produces Higgs particles," he added.
The Higgs boson factory is only the first step of the ambitious plan. A second-phase project named SPPC (Super Proton-Proton Collider) is also included in the design-a fully upgraded version of LHC.
LHC shut down for upgrading in early 2013 and restarted in June with an almost doubled energy level of 13 TeV, a measurement of electron volts.
"LHC is hitting its limits of energy level, it seems not possible to escalate the energy dramatically at the existing facility," Wang said. The proposed SPPC will be a 100 TeV proton-proton collider.
If everything moves forward as proposed, the construction of the first phase project CEPC will start between 2020 and 2025, followed by the second phase in 2040.
"China brings to this entire discussion a certain level of newness. They are going to need help, but they have financial muscle and they have ambition," said Nima Arkani Hamed from the Institute for Advanced Study in the United States, who joined the force to promote CEPC in the world.
David J. Gross, a US particle physicist and 2004 Nobel Prize winner, wrote in a commentary co-signed by US theoretical physicist Edward Witten that although the cost of the project would be great, the benefits would also be great. "China would leap to a leadership position in an important frontier area of basic science," he wrote.
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The Daily Galaxy via China Daily
Image credit: CERN
The universe is 13.8 billion years old, while our planet formed just 4.5 billion years ago. Some scientists think this time gap means that life on other planets could be billions of years older than ours. However, new theoretical work suggests that present-day life is actually premature from a cosmic perspective.
"If you ask, 'When is life most likely to emerge?' you might naively say, 'Now,'" says lead author Avi Loeb of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. "But we find that the chance of life grows much higher in the distant future."
Life as we know it first became possible about 30 million years after the Big Bang, when the first stars seeded the cosmos with the necessary elements like carbon and oxygen. Life will end 10 trillion years from now when the last stars fade away and die. Loeb and his colleagues considered the relative likelihood of life between those two boundaries.
The dominant factor proved to be the lifetimes of stars. The higher a star's mass, the shorter its lifetime. Stars larger than about three times the sun's mass will expire before life has a chance to evolve.
Conversely, the smallest stars weigh less than 10 percent as much as the Sun. They will glow for 10 trillion years, giving life ample time to emerge on any planets they host. As a result, the probability of life grows over time. In fact, chances of life are 1000 times higher in the distant future than now.
"So then you may ask, why aren't we living in the future next to a low-mass star?" says Loeb. "One possibility is we're premature. Another possibility is that the environment around a low-mass star is hazardous to life."
Although low-mass, red dwarf stars live for a long time, they also pose unique threats. In their youth they emit strong flares and ultraviolet radiation that could strip the atmosphere from any rocky world in the habitable zone.
To determine which possibility is correct -- our premature existence or the hazard of low-mass stars -- Loeb recommends studying nearby red dwarf stars and their planets for signs of habitability. Future space missions like the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite and James Webb Space Telescope should help to answer these questions.
The Daily Galaxy via CfA
Image credit: With thanks to insider.si.edu and 3tags,org
Atmospheric temperatures on Jupiter range from around 1,700 degrees Fahrenheit to upward of 2,420 degrees. That's greater than the temperature of molten lava and would cause lithium batteries in cellphones to boil and turn to gas. These wide ranges in temperature could not just be explained by heat from the sun, said James O'Donoghue, a research scientist at Boston University's Center for Space Physics.
Researchers from Boston University's (BU) Center for Space Physics report today in Nature that Jupiter's Great Red Spot may provide the mysterious source of energy required to heat the planet's upper atmosphere to the unusually high values observed.
Sunlight reaching Earth efficiently heats the terrestrial atmosphere at altitudes well above the surfaceeven at 250 miles high, for example, where the International Space Station orbits. Jupiter is over five times more distant from the Sun, and yet its upper atmosphere has temperatures, on average, comparable to those found at Earth. The sources of the non-solar energy responsible for this extra heating have remained elusive to scientists studying processes in the outer solar system.
“With solar heating from above ruled out, we designed observations to map the heat distribution over the entire planet in search for any temperature anomalies that might yield clues as to where the energy is coming from,” explained Dr. James O'Donoghue, research scientist at BU, and lead author of the study.
Astronomers measure the temperature of a planet by observing the non-visible, infrared (IR) light it emits. The visible cloud tops we see at Jupiter are about 30 miles above its rim; the IR emissions used by the BU team came from heights about 500 miles higher. When the BU observers looked at their results, they found high altitude temperatures much larger than anticipated whenever their telescope looked at certain latitudes and longitudes in the planet's southern hemi-sphere.
Jupiter's Great Red Spot (GRS) is one of the marvels of our solar system. Discovered within years of Galileo's introduction of telescopic astronomy in the 17th Century, its swirling pattern of colorful gases is often called a “perpetual hurricane.” The GRS has varied is size and color over the centuries, spans a distance equal to three earth-diameters, and has winds that take six days to complete one spin. Jupiter itself spins very quickly, completing one revolution in only ten hours.
“The Great Red Spot is a terrific source of energy to heat the upper atmosphere at Jupiter, but we had no prior evidence of its actual effects upon observed temperatures at high altitudes,” ex-plained Dr. Luke Moore, a study co-author and research scientist in the Center for Space Physics at BU.
Solving an “energy crisis” on a distant planet has implications within our solar system, as well as for planets orbiting other stars. As the BU scientists point out, the unusually high temperatures far above Jupiter's visible disk is not a unique aspect of our solar system. The dilemma also occurs at Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, and probably for all giant exoplanets outside our solar system.
“Energy transfer to the upper atmosphere from below has been simulated for planetary atmospheres, but not yet backed up by observations,” O'Donoghue said. “The extremely high temperatures observed above the storm appear to be the ‘smoking gun' of this energy transfer, indicating that planet-wide heating is a plausible explanation for the ‘energy crisis.'”
The Daily Galaxy via Boston University
europeanspaceagency posted a photo:
Located approximately 22 000 light-years away in the constellation of Musca (The Fly), this tightly packed collection of stars - known as a globular cluster - goes by the name of NGC 4833. This NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope image shows the dazzling stellar group in all its glory.
NGC 4833 is one of the over 150 globular clusters known to reside within the Milky Way. These objects are thought to contain some of the oldest stars in our galaxy. Studying these ancient cosmic clusters can help astronomers to unravel how a galaxy formed and evolved, and give an idea of the galaxyâs age.
Globular clusters are responsible for some of the most striking sights in the cosmos, with hundreds of thousands of stars congregating in the same region of space. Hubble has observed many of these clusters during its time in orbit around our planet, each as breathtaking as the last.
Credit: ESA/Hubble and NASA
In the first few minutes following “the big bang,” the universe quickly began expanding and cooling, allowing the formation of subatomic particles that joined forces to become protons and neutrons. These particles then began interacting with one another to create the first simple atoms. A little more time, a little more expansion, a lot more cooling—along with ever-present gravitational pull—and clouds of these elements began to morph into stars and galaxies.
For William Detmold, an assistant professor of physics at MIT who uses lattice quantum chromodynamics (LQCD) to study subatomic particles, one of the most interesting aspects of the formation of the early universe is what happened in those first few minutes—a period known as the “big bang nucleosynthesis.”
“You start off with very high-energy particles that cool down as the universe expands, and eventually you are left with a soup of quarks and gluons, which are strongly interacting particles, and they form into protons and neutrons,” he said. “Once you have protons and neutrons, the next stage is for those protons and neutrons to come together and start making more complicated things—primarily deuterons, which interact with other neutrons and protons and start forming heavier elements, such as Helium-4, the alpha particle.”
One of the most critical aspects of big bang nucleosynthesis is the radiative capture process, in which a proton captures a neutron and fuses to produce a deuteron and a photon. In a paper published in Physical Review Letters, Detmold and his co-authors—all members of the NPLQCD Collaboration, which studies the properties, structures and interactions of fundamental particles—describe how they used LQCD calculations to better understand this process and precisely measure the nuclear reaction rate that occurs when a neutron and proton form a deuteron. While physicists have been able to experimentally measure these phenomena in the laboratory, they haven't been able to do the same, with certainty, using calculations alone—until now.
“One of the things that is very interesting about the strong interaction that takes place in the radiative capture process is that you get very complicated structures forming, not just protons and neutrons,” Detmold said. “The strong interaction has this ability to have these very different structures coming out of it, and if these primordial reactions didn't happen the way they happened, we wouldn't have formed enough deuterium to form enough helium that then goes ahead and forms carbon. And if we don't have carbon, we don't have life.”
For the Physical Review Letters paper, the team used the Chroma LQCD code developed at Jefferson Lab to run a series of calculations with quark masses that were 10-20 times the physical value of those masses. Using heavier values rather than the actual physical values reduced the cost of the calculations tremendously, Detmold noted. They then used their understanding of how the calculations should depend on mass to get to the physical value of the quark mass.
“When we do an LQCD calculation, we have to tell the computer what the masses of the quarks we want to work with are, and if we use the values that the quark masses have in nature it is very computationally expensive,” he explained. “For simple things like calculating the mass of the proton, we just put in the physical values of the quark masses and go from there. But this reaction is much more complicated, so we can't currently do the entire thing using the actual physical values of the quark masses.
While this is the first LQCD calculation of an inelastic nuclear reaction, Detmold is particularly excited by the fact that being able to reproduce this process through calculations means researchers can now calculate other things that are similar but that haven't been measured as precisely experimentally—such as the proton-proton fusion process that powers the sun—or measured at all.
“The rate of the radiative capture reaction, which is really what we are calculating here, is very, very close to the experimentally measured one, which shows that we actually understand pretty well how to do this calculation, and we've now done it, and it is consistent with what is experimentally known,” Detmold said. “This opens up a whole range of possibilities for other nuclear interactions that we can try and calculate where we don't know what the answer is because we haven't, or can't, measure them experimentally. Until this calculation, I think it is fair to say that most people were wary of thinking you could go from quark and gluon degrees of freedom to doing nuclear reactions. This research demonstrates that yes, we can.”
The Daily Galaxy via https://www.nersc.gov/news
"There is a powerful analogy between the Earth's first mass extinction and what is happening today," said Simon Darroch, at Vanderbilt University. "The end-Ediacaran extinction shows that the evolution of new behaviors can fundamentally change the entire planet, and today we humans are the most powerful 'ecosystems engineers' ever known."
Newly discovered fossil evidence from Namibia strengthens the proposition that the world's first mass extinction was caused by "ecosystem engineers" - newly evolved biological organisms that altered the environment so radically it drove older species to extinction. The event, known as the end-Ediacaran extinction, took place 540 million years ago. The earliest life on Earth consisted of microbes - various types of single-celled organisms. These held sway for more than 3 billion years, when the first multicellular organisms evolved. The most successful of these were the Ediacarans, which spread around the globe about 600 million years ago. They were a largely immobile form of marine life shaped like discs and tubes, fronds and quilted mattresses.
After 60 million years, evolution gave birth to another major innovation: metazoans, the first animals. Metazoans could move spontaneously and independently at least during some point in their life cycle and sustain themselves by eating other organisms or what other organisms produce. Animals burst onto the scene in a frenzy of diversification that paleontologists have labeled the Cambrian explosion, a 25 million-year period when most of the modern animal families - vertebrates, mollusks, arthropods, annelids, sponges and jellyfish - came into being.
"These new species were 'ecological engineers' who changed the environment in ways that made it more and more difficult for the Ediacarans to survive," said Darroch, assistant professor of earth and environmental sciences, who directed the new study.
Darroch and his colleagues report that they have found one of the best-preserved examples of a mixed community of Ediacarans and animals, which provides the best evidence of a close ecological association between the two groups.
"Until this, the evidence for an overlapping ecological association between metazoans and soft-bodied Ediacaran organisms was limited," Darroch said. "Here, we describe new fossil localities from southern Namibia that preserve soft-bodied Ediacara biota, enigmatic tubular organisms thought to represent metazoans and vertically oriented metazoan trace fossils. Although the precise identity of the tracemakers remains elusive, the structures bear several striking similarities with a cone-shaped organism called Conichnus that has been found in the Cambrian period."
In a previous paper that Darroch and his collaborators published last September, they reported on a fossil record that showed stressed-looking communities of Ediacara associated with a suite of animal burrows.
"With this paper we're narrowing in on causation; we've discovered some new fossil sites that preserve both Ediacara biota and animal fossils (both animal burrows - 'trace fossils' - and the remains of animals themselves) sharing the same communities, which lets us speculate about how these two very different groups of organisms interacted," he said.
Conichnus burrows are trace fossils: the surface bumps shown below represent vertical tubes that were originally occupied by anemone-like animals that may have fed on Ediacaran larvae.
"Some of the burrow fossils we've found are usually interpreted as being formed by sea anemones, which are passive predators that may have preyed upon Ediacaran larvae. We've also found stands of Ediacaran frondose organisms, with animal fossils preserved in place coiled around their bases. In general, these new fossil sites reveal a snapshot of a very unusual 'transitional' ecosystem existing right before the Cambrian explosion, with the last of the Ediacara biota clinging on for grim death, just as modern-looking animals are diversifying and starting to realize their potential."
The Daily Galaxy via Vanderbilt University
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Russian poster for FOUR ADVENTURES OF REINETTE AND MIRABELLE (Eric Rohmer, France, 1987)
Artist: unknown
Poster source: Una Pagina de Cine
This artist's conception shows a red dwarf star orbited by a pair of habitable planets. Because red dwarf stars live so long, the probability of cosmic life grows over time. As a result, Earthly life might be considered “premature.” (Image by Christine Pulliam/CfA)
The universe is 13.8 billion years old, while our planet formed just 4.5 billion years ago. Some scientists think this time gap means that life on other planets could be billions of years older than ours. However, new theoretical work suggests that present-day life is actually premature from a cosmic perspective.
“If you ask, ‘When is life most likely to emerge?' you might naively say, ‘Now,'” says lead author Avi Loeb of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. “But we find that the chance of life grows much higher in the distant future.”
Life as we know it first became possible about 30 million years after the Big Bang, when the first stars seeded the cosmos with the necessary elements like carbon and oxygen. Life will end 10 trillion years from now when the last stars fade away and die. Loeb and his colleagues considered the relative likelihood of life between those two boundaries.
The dominant factor proved to be the lifetimes of stars. The higher a star's mass, the shorter its lifetime. Stars larger than about three times the sun?s mass will expire before life has a chance to evolve.
Conversely, the smallest stars weigh less than 10 percent as much as the Sun. They will glow for 10 trillion years, giving life ample time to emerge on any planets they host. As a result, the probability of life grows over time. In fact, chances of life are 1000 times higher in the distant future than now.
“So then you may ask, why aren't we living in the future next to a low-mass star?” says Loeb.
“One possibility is we're premature. Another possibility is that the environment around a low-mass star is hazardous to life.”
Although low-mass, red dwarf stars live for a long time, they also pose unique threats. In their youth they emit strong flares and ultraviolet radiation that could strip the atmosphere from any rocky world in the habitable zone.
To determine which possibility is correct — our premature existence or the hazard of low-mass stars — Loeb recommends studying nearby red dwarf stars and their planets for signs of habitability. Future space missions like the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite and James Webb Space Telescope should help to answer these questions.
The paper describing this work has been accepted for publication in the Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics and is available online. Its co-authors are Avi Loeb (Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics) and Rafael Batista and David Sloan (University of Oxford). Loeb simultaneously wrote an extended review on the habitability of the universe as a chapter for a forthcoming book.
The post IS EARTHLY LIFE PREMATURE FROM A COSMIC PERSPECTIVE? appeared first on Smithsonian Insider.
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Johann Jakob Scheuchzer Scientist of the Day
Johann Jakob Scheuchzer, a Swiss paleontologist and geologist, was born Aug. 2, 1672.
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