A Stanford University researcher finds that products purchased mainly by poor people were increasing in price much more quickly than those purchased by the wealthy.
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Researchers have for the first time, decoded and predicted the brain activity patterns of word meanings within sentences, and successfully predicted what the brain patterns would be for new sentences. The study used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to measure human brain activation.
Image credit: University of Rochester/Andrew Anderson, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences
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This is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of soil dust, composed mainly of silicon-oxygen minerals. This particle was collected along a highway in Scottsdale, Arizona, as part of a research study conducted by Arizona State University researchers on the flow of air pollution in the Phoenix metro area. Dust kicked up by road traffic creates a large proportion of the particles, while others are the combustion products of gasoline or diesel fuel, sometimes in combination with dust.
Image credit: Hua Xin, Ph.D., Arizona State University
These oldest known stars, date from before the Milky Way Galaxy formed, when the Universe was just 300 million years old. The stars, found near the center of the Milky Way, are surprisingly pure but contain material from an even earlier star, which died in an enormous explosion called hypernova. The discovery and analysis of the nine pure stars challenges current theories about the environment of the early Universe from which these stars formed.
"These pristine stars are among the oldest surviving stars in the Universe, and certainly the oldest stars we have ever seen," said Louise Howes from The Australian National University (ANU), part of the 2015 discovery team along with the University of Cambridge. "These stars formed before the Milky Way, and the galaxy formed around them."
"The stars have surprisingly low levels of carbon, iron and other heavy elements, which suggests the first stars might not have exploded as normal supernovae," said Ms Howes. "Perhaps they ended their lives as hypernovae - poorly understood explosions of probably rapidly rotating stars producing 10 times as much energy as normal supernovae."
Project leader Professor Martin Asplund, from ANU Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics said finding such rare relic stars amongst the billions of stars in the Milky Way center was like finding a needle in a haystack.
"The ANU SkyMapper telescope has a unique ability to detect the distinct colors of anaemic stars - stars with little iron - which has been vital for this search," said Professor Asplund.
Following the team's discovery in 2014 of an extremely old star on the edge of the Milky Way, the team focused on the dense central parts of the galaxy, where stars formed even earlier. The team sifted through about five million stars observed with SkyMapper to select the most pure and therefore oldest specimens, which were then studied in more detail using the Anglo-Australian Telescope near Coonabarabran in New South Wales and the Magellan telescope in Chile to reveal their chemical make-up.
The team also demonstrated that the stars spend their entire lives near the Milky Way center and are not just passing through, a further indication that the stars really are the oldest known stars in the Universe.
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The Daily Galaxy via Australian National University
Image credit: ESO and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Milky_Way_Arch.jpg
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Several thousand years ago, a star some 160 000 light-years away from us exploded, scattering stellar shrapnel across the sky. The aftermath of this energetic detonation is shown here in this striking image from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope's Wide Field Camera 3 .
The exploding star was a white dwarf located in the Large Magellanic Cloud, one of our nearest neighbouring galaxies. Around 97% of stars within the Milky Way that are between a tenth and eight times the mass of the Sun are expected to end up as white dwarfs. These stars can face a number of different fates, one of which is to explode as supernovae, some of the brightest events ever observed in the Universe. If a white dwarf is part of a binary star system, it can siphon material from a close companion. After gobbling up more than it can handle — and swelling to approximately one and a half times the size of the Sun — the star becomes unstable and ignites as a Type Ia supernova.
This was the case for the supernova remnant pictured here, which is known as DEM L71. It formed when a white dwarf reached the end of its life and ripped itself apart, ejecting a superheated cloud of debris in the process. Slamming into the surrounding interstellar gas, this stellar shrapnel gradually diffused into the separate fiery filaments of material seen scattered across this skyscape.
Credit: ESA/Hubble & NASA, Y. Chu
Giant sulphur (Colias gigantea) collected in Churchill, Manitoba, Canada, and photographed at the Centre for Biodiversity Genomics (sample ID: 04HBL003032; specimen record: http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/Public_RecordView?processid=LCH032-04; BIN: http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/Public_BarcodeCluster?clusteruri=BOLD:AAA3447)
Recently appointed Culture Secretary, Karen Bradley, has promised to open up the arts to people from all backgrounds, in her first speech since being added to the cabinet when Theresa May became Prime Minister last month.
Speaking in Liverpool, Bradley emphasised that access to arts and culture “must be available to everyone, not the preserve of a privileged few”, citing a survey which found that arts engagement was nearly 82% among the wealthiest adults, but just over 65% from lower socio-economic groups.
“The Government is looking at how we can tear down the barriers to a career in the arts. A new experience that reaches someone who would not otherwise enjoy a rich cultural life changes that person's world,” Bradley said.
“That sort of experience has immeasurable value, but can also have a cumulative impact that can effect change on a local and even national scale. Culture can help regenerate villages, towns and cities.”
The Culture Secretary announced that pilots of the Cultural Citizens Programme, first announced by David Cameron in January, will be launching next month in cities including Liverpool and Blackpool and will help 600 disadvantaged children.
“It is a fantastic initiative which could give thousands of children the chance to take part in a range of cultural activities, such as free visits to local plays, behind the scenes access to museums and galleries, and exclusive trips to world class venues, so they realise that culture is just as much for them as for anyone,” said Bradley.
The Culture Secretary's speech comes after last month's parliamentary debate on the English Baccalaureate a GCSE qualification that excludes art and design which some have claimed devalues creative subjects and makes them inaccessible for young people from disadvantaged backgrounds.
Bradley said she will be working closely with the new Education Secretary Justine Greening to “make sure that no child is left out of this country's magnificent and extraordinary cultural inheritance.”
It is also uncertain whether in light of the vote to leave the EU during the recent referendum the Government could announce further austerity measures affecting arts and culture in this year's Autumn Statement.
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Christine Losecaat, former creative industries advisor to UK Trade & Investment (UKTI), has been appointed an Honorary Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (MBE) for services to the creative industries in the UK.
Losecaat also founded consultancy Little Dipper and is a senior business strategy, marketing and creative specialist.
The Dutch national, who is an honorary fellow of the British Institute of Interior Design, is responsible for a number of high profile creative projects, including co-producing Peter and the Wolf. Last year, she also helped bring to life the UK's Pavilion at the World Expo in Milan.
Losecaat, who worked for UKTI until last year, has advised on the UK's Creative Industries International Strategy for over a decade. It was in this capacity that she was one of the creative drivers behind the London 2012 Olympics' British Business Embassy. The project is estimated to have contributed over £15bn to the UK economy in total.
The announcement of her MBE comes after various prominent British designers including Margaret Calvert and Johanna Basford were recognised in the Queen's Birthday Honours list in June.
“I've been based in the UK for over 20 years. It is a very special place and remains the number one global destination for bringing creative concepts to fruition with global impact,” says Losecaat.
“I am truly delighted to receive such a prestigious honour for doing what I love best bringing together talent with projects that put creative integrity at their core.”
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Every bit as bold, stylish and vibrant as his work, it is my pleasure to introduce you to the multi-talented Samuel Mensah.
What's your background?
I was born in Ghana and raised in London where I work today under the name SMBStudios focusing on brand innovation and visual storytelling. I've got experience in digital marketing, brand identity conception and design, production, visual design and art direction. I like to integrate branding and visual marketing to create overall innovative user experiences. By day I am also a designer at renowned idea agency AKQA on the brand design team.
I am also the founder and creative director of creative organization and studio, Youth Worldwide; a creative platform dedicated to discovering and supporting pioneers in creativity and showcasing emerging young creative talent from around the world.
While traveling in Ghana last summer I had an epiphany to host a youth networking forum with some of Africa's brightest entrepreneurs as part of my responsibility to another organisation of which I am a founding member, Future of Ghana. We lectured at Ghana's first creative university Ashesi, which was founded by Patrick Awuah formerly of Microsoft.
His story of overcoming the odds to build a university over almost a decade inspired me greatly and I realised even though this may not be exactly what I wanted YWW to be, the scale and magnitude of the impact it had on people's lives is something that could not escape me. Upon my return back to the UK I made it a point to team up with more young creatives, begin a small team and begin working on a few cool projects that challenged and fed their skills.
We now work with numerous creatives around the world and have them as part of our network in our aim to share, showcase and express emerging creative talent in all areas on a global stage. The format of YWW has changed and will continue to evolve until we find the most optimum way of making it happen. We want to get to know more people, more leaders that can support and join the movement. Feel free to connect with us.
How did you get started in your field of expertise?
My background lies mainly in the realm of traditional graphic design. That is what I initially fell in love when it comes to design as a whole. I've always seen graphics as the one thing that connects the entire world visually but is heavily taken for granted by most people.
I wanted to design everything and anything when I was younger and my knowledge of design itself was limited but I was determined to dedicate my life to it since I found a purpose with it. I went on to study Design for Advertising at Degree level but really made a name for myself outside the classroom in the digital arts realm.
By taking advantage of online platforms such as DeviantArt, Tumblr, Behance and more I was able to gain popularity quite quickly with my pieces which were always quite vibrant and had a vibe of motivation and inspiration to them. Those are things I take quite seriously in my work. Apart from them looking good I always aim
for my work to actually motivate the audience in some way and bring some semblance of joy in their lives.
This went very well for me and from a young age saw me get featured on quite prestigious platforms and design blogs around the world, which it was hard to take seriously at the time since it never really sunk in. Along with juggling school and interning for Gilbert & George my life 6 years ago was definitely just about design and nothing else.
Nothing much has changed really. The process of making the shift into the working world of advertising and branding with my expertise and skills was quite simple and if you told me I would be designing for Nike almost every day of my life and speaking on an OFFF Festival stage last year about my work, I wouldn't have believed you either but the universe is interesting.
The formation of YWW has also shifted my love of advertising to other creative and design processes such as industrial design, fashion, experiential design and all things tech. I find my understanding of creativity and its applications has evolved and I want to understand more about everything now. From someone who started in digital arts and branding I feel there are no boundaries to how far things can be pushed in regards to how I apply my creativity and the overall impact it can make.
What challenges did you face/overcome in getting into the industry and achieving your ambitions?
The challenges I continue to face are the ones I put before myself. I challenge myself to be the best I can be and place myself in my own lane when doing anything. However I am very aware of the real social challengers that do hold people back in the industry. The creative industries are rife with classism, sexism and other discriminatory ism's which has been slowing down and getting better in recent years but is still very far from eradicated.
I've been brought up with the mentality to work harder than everyone else to give people no reason to say no. Through this approach I have to say I have been able to evade systematic discrimination for the most part in my professional journey, but it begs the question why work so hard just to be seen as equal. I chose to see it as preparing myself to simply be the most equipped and capable.
Coming up in the industry I never studied or was even educated about one great graphic designer that was black, even though there are many out there we are never placed at the forefront. For a long time it confused and angered me. I choose to dispel this status quo forever by being that person of colour that I always wanted to see in certain positions and achieve things that were once thought of as highly improbable.
For many millennials of colour that are entering the industry, simply seeing people in powerful positions in the industry that look like them can inspire them so much and has to be championed more. They can take solace knowing that it is most definitely possible to get to the same level and even exceed that of their predecessors.
Who and/or What are your greatest inspirations and influences?
My greatest inspirations have always come from talking to people. I truly believe that conversation is the most holistic way that we as creatives can create better ideas and become better at our jobs of being visual communicators.
My personal heroes are innovators such as Steve Jobs, Larry Page, Bill Gates, Tim Brown & Elon Musk. They inspire me as being those who were able to wield their creativity in the most impactful way possible and leave a lasting effect on the world for a very long time to come. It bothers me that Steve and Bill are not classed as equally creative, when they both created things from scratch that we all use almost every day of our lives to serve specific imperative functions.
A common misconception is the word “design”, which most people think of as pretty pictures or forms. What is missing however is understanding the depth to which design goes—not only in products, but in essentially every aspect of our lives . Whether it is the design of a program, a shirt or some form of communication tool, we are living in a world that's infinitely designed. Somebody made a design decision about everything we use, and have.
What is your best piece of work or the project you are most proud of?
I always think the project I am most proud of is the one I either just did or the one I am currently executing. I say this because I believe you're only ever as good as your last and you must make that the strongest you've ever done. The project that was most formative for me was the process of creating my first ever typeface. I was 21, just completing 2nd year of my university degree and was bored in the summer, hungry to do something I'd never done before. With my background being typography and typographic studies it meant that every font I used in my designs was in essence created by someone else.
My mind shifted when I realised I could create my own and that in fact I wouldn't be satisfied until I made my own. The process in itself would not only be creatively liberating but also a personal liberation. To own something and furthermore create a resource that could benefit other creatives was inspirational. Once I knew I wanted to take on the task I was determined to make it happen even though I had no idea how to do it. I was luckily able to recollect that I had a friend in New Zealand called Daniel McQueen who was a font specialist and was able to turn my designs into a usable font.
Knowing this, the process of researching began and moving into the mentality of creating something classic. I wanted my first typeface to sit alongside the likes of Helvetica, Avant-Garde & Futura. Those were the ambitions I had for the yet untitled font. I named it Echelon. I remember creating a rollout for it on social media that was able to make its release in early september 2012 all the more impactful. It went on to do very well and be featured in many impressive places and most notably be used last year for Nike's Athlete kit for Basketball giant Kevin Durant.
My subsequent font Atelier Neue, which I released almost exactly a year later went on to do well and is my personal favorite. I saw it as a way of very much cementing myself and not being regarded as a one hit wonder. I feel it proved to many potential critics that I can churn these out. The font has also been used in many notable places; most recently for the BFI's Black Star film campaign.
What would be your dream job or project?
My dream job ideally is not to have to have a job at all. That is the best reason to explain why I formed YWW. It was an escape to what I've always wanted to do, which is simply work on super creative briefs and projects whether it's about making products or crafting films.
My dream project is a collection of many small projects culminating in a cultural shift of creative liberation and acceptance by a generation who can take it further than we ever imagined. It is most definitely a process that will not be achieved in a few years or decades but most definitely in our lifetime.
Please name some people in your field that you believe deserve credit or recognition, and why?
I feel we live in age where because of the internet and social media, everyone is able to have a platform and take advantage of the benefits. They are able to gain recognition and become creatives that are creditable.
Everyone is very visible and it's beautiful because it means collaboration has become easier than ever before. Sharing of ideas, culture, skills and creativity has never been easier.
I do aim to give credit to those that paved the way for me personally and I looked up to coming up. Pioneers like Dieter Rams, Peter Saville, Sagmeister, Milton Glaser & Tibor Kalman just to name a few.
In my field today there are amazing young talents in the YWW network that are doing incredible things. So many emerging creatives, some as young as 15 years old, that I have been exposed to, poses a unique creative approach and understanding. They say tomorrow belongs to those that can hear it coming. This truly is the most fearless generation of all time. We will find out why very soon.
What's your best piece of advice for those wanting to follow in
your footsteps?
Nobody knows what the hell they are doing most of the time. Just do your own thing. I believe everyone has their own specific way of how the universe will unfold itself to them.
What I will say is that life begins when people understand that the key is to give back. When they realise that serving and creating real change and impact in people's lives through their creativity is the most powerful thing they can do.
Forget rules, and let nothing hold you back. That's why I love the next generation. They don't care about paying homage or being constrained to the past, they are more focused in making new, making their own path. That energy is so empowering.
I would also encourage creatives to embrace failure more. I used to be very self-conscious about failing early on in my career. I have now realised how vital it is to understanding the journey of growth that comes with getting to a certain level. Failure will come but you will get over it. If you are not failing you are honestly not innovating enough.
What's next for you?
I continue to be dedicated to my passion of collaborating and showcasing creatives. I will continue to build the YWW network and aim to create impact with the greatest creative talents the world has to offer. Most importantly I aim to have fun.
For more information visit:
https://www.behance.net/smbstudios
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THE CARIBBEAN:
ANIMAE CARIBE CALL FOR SUBMISSIONS. Held every year in the caribbean island of Trinidad and Tobago, the Animae Caribe animation festival will run from October 24th to 31st 2016. The largest animation film network with a regional coverage in the Caribbean, it is recognized to be one of the many notable international annual festivals. In addition, Animae Caribe has a regional and international network of storytellers, writers, puppetry artists, visual artists (including graphic designers and photographers), theatre and music performers, sound and lighting technicians and reseachers, which feed into the animation production sector. Submissions for Short animation are open. Deadline 30th August 2016
EUROPE:
FASHION CITIES AFRICA the first major UK exhibition dedicated to contemporary African fashion opened at Brighton Museum & Art Gallery on 30 April 2016. Exploring fashion and style in four cities at the compass points of the African continent Casablanca in Morocco, Lagos in Nigeria, Nairobi in Kenya and Johannesburg in South Africa Fashion Cities Africa considers recent and contemporary fashion practices in these distinctive metropoles, from couture to street style. Until 8 January 2017
Included in Museum admission fee/£3.50 residents, members and children free brightonmuseums.org.uk/fashioncitiesafrica
#FashionCitiesAfrica
AFRICA:
ALBUS EXHIBITION BY JUSTIN DINGWALL. Barnard Gallery is pleased to present Justin Dingwall's solo exhibition Albus in association with Lizamore & Associates. With an arresting vulnerability and striking intimacy, the photographs in Justin Dingwall's ongoing body of work Albus constitute an extended meditation on the nature of beauty and perception. Aiming both to raise awareness about Albinism and to challenge the taboo that exists around it, the series interrogates and offers an alternative to traditional notions of beauty. From 23 August til 11 October 2016.
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US one sheet for SUDDEN FEAR (David Miller, USA, 1952)
Designer: unknown
Poster source: Heritage Auctions
Now playing at Film Forum through Thursday!
A Laysan albatross estimated to be at least 63-years-old and chick Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge (John Klavitter/U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service)
To catch tuna in the Pacific today, many commercial fishing ships set a series of long lines through the water—lines that are bristling with hundreds and even thousands of baited hooks. While a chunk of squid may be irresistible to a tuna, many seabirds also chase and swallow these fishing baits.
Albatrosses, including Hawaii's black-footed and Laysan albatrosses, feed at the ocean's surface. “Bait on a hook is tempting. It looks like easy prey before the long line sinks into the sea,” explains Autumn-Lynn Harrison, a marine ecologist at the Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center. “But, going after the bait means an albatross can also get caught on the hook, become injured, or even drown,” Harrison says.
Created from a database maintained by the United States Geological Survey, this map plots the location of fishing-gear entanglements of all banded albatrosses in the Pacific from 1945-2014. (Image courtesy Autumn-Lynn Harrison)
Albatrosses are one of the most threatened groups of birds globally and information about their interactions with fisheries is important. When fishing vessels pull in the line to release or salvage the bird, they are encouraged to also look for a band on its leg. Metal bands are placed on albatross chicks in the nest, or on breeding adults. A band can identify the specific colony where it was born and its age, or for birds banded as breeding adults, where it bred.
If a hooked albatross has a band on its leg, it is hoped the band information and the circumstances of how it was obtained is reported to the United States Geological Survey, which maintains the North American Bird Banding Database. Database records go back to the 1920s, when major fishing operations hadn't yet left the coast to spread throughout the open ocean. Many original band-return records of albatrosses banded by Smithsonian biologists in the 1960s can even be found in our own records at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History.
Two of thousands of return cards maintained in the Smithsonian's Pacific Ocean Biology Survey Project. These two cards document the entanglement of a banded black-footed albatross on the California coast and a banded Laysan albatross in Japan. (Image courtesy Autumn-Lynn Harrison).
This week, Harrison will speak on large-scale patterns of bird entanglement in fishing gear in North and South America and the Pacific at the 2016 North American Ornithological Conference in Washington, D.C. One of the largest ornithological conferences ever held, lectures by dozens of world experts, workshops, roundtable discussions and interactive sessions and symposia on a vast array of bird-related topics will be featured. Held every four years, this year's conference runs from Tuesday, Aug. 16 to Saturday, Aug. 20 and is being hosted by the Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center.
In addition to albatrosses, entanglement of North American banded birds by fishing operations, including recreational fishing, also is reported in large numbers for royal terns, double-crested cormorants, and brown and white pelicans. Globally, entanglement by fishing is a primary reason “all of the 22 species of albatross is listed in someway on the International Union for Conservation Nature Red List of Endangered Species,” Harrison continues.
This interactive map was created from data on all reported fishing-gear entanglements of birds of all species from 1920-2014. (Map courtesy Autumn-Lynn Harrison)
Harrison's current research involves using the USGS Bird Banding database to investigate patterns that show if members of specific albatross colonies (many different colonies nest across the Hawaiian Islands) died more frequently as the by-catch of specific North Pacific fisheries.
Albatross by-catch by the fishing industry is a well-studied phenomenon, yet “how different colonies might be impacted differently because of their migration patterns is just starting to come to light,” Harrison says. The traditional migration route of a specific colony may place its members in harm's way at specific times of operation—right in the seasonal path of a commercial fishery. Another colony in a different area may not face this threat.
“I am trying to learn what 100 years of banding data can tell us about which colonies were caught in which fisheries and how this might have changed through time. Birds that breed on Midway Island in the northwestern Hawaiian Islands [west], for example, may have a higher likelihood of being caught by an Asian fishing fleet versus birds that breed on Kauai or Oahu Islands in the main Hawaiian Islands [east] that are caught more frequently in Hawaiian long-line fleets.”
Laysan (foreground) and black-footed albatrosses in flight at Southeast Eastern Island, Midway Atoll, Hawaii, April 2015. (Flickr photo by Forest and Kim Starr)
Albatross death by long-line fishing is “changing over time,” Harrison observes. “Fishing fleets have become more aware about the impacts of their operations on seabirds, and have gotten smarter about ways to try to get albatrosses away from their fishing vessels. A lot of this work is really improving the ways fisheries are able to avoid bird by-catch.”
Second to commercial fishing as a marine bird hazard, Harrison says, are two other human-introduced threats: floating plastics that albatrosses feed to their chicks, and climate change. “Many marine birds nest on low-lying islands that are likely not to be there in the future,” due to rising sea levels.
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Leaked documents and sources show Natural England will use its legal powers less and seek funding from the private companies it is meant to keep in check
England's nature watchdog is planning to use its legal powers less and risks becoming a weak regulator forced to raise funding from the private companies it is meant to keep in check, leaked documents and sources reveal.
Natural England is duty-bound to defend rare species and protected areas including national parks and England's 4,000 sites of special scientific interest from potentially environmentally damaging developments.
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From Greenwich
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From Greenwich
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Antalya, Turquie 08/2016
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China Law Blog (blog) | China, The World, Greed, Cognitive Dissonance, The Best and the Brightest, and Why People Seem to Encourage ... China Law Blog (blog) Now for the Best and the Brightest/ cognitive dissonance part. When I was in college, I read David Halberstram's The Best and the Brightest as part of an international politics course. Wikipedia does an excellent job at distilling the book in the ... |
IEEE Spectrum | SRI Spin-off Abundant Robotics Developing Autonomous Apple Vacuum IEEE Spectrum The first automated apple harvesting system that doesn't bruise or damage the produce will be a huge breakthrough in an industry that has been dependent on the challenges of seasonal labor.” Abundant Robotics' initial prototype is designed with ... |
411mania.com | Four Player Co-op: Is Final Fantasy XV's Season Pass Too Costly? 411mania.com Quizmaster Well, it looks like Telltale is going to keep the ball rolling with a Mr. Robot game in the future. I've played and completed Episode ... Niantic at first, took a while to say anything, which angered players of the beloved app. When ... and more » |
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Long before Donald Trump clinched the Republican nomination, he vowed that the ammunition he had stocked for Hillary Clinton would include constant reminders of her husband's sexual misdeeds. Now, Trump appears to have won the support of the woman with perhaps the most disturbing allegations against Bill Clinton, Juanita Broaddrick, as Buzzfeed's Katie J.M. Baker reports in a nuanced profile.
Broaddrick, who claims that Clinton raped her in 1978 when he was Arkansas' attorney general, told Baker what she has always told reporters: that her animus toward the Clintons is personal, not political. But Baker found that as conservatives have embraced Broaddrick's cause, she seems to have increasingly returned the favor. Broaddrick, who voted for Obama in 2008, “insists she has no plans to join Republican presidential nominee Donald Trump's campaign and says she's only voting for him because she doesn't want the man she claims raped her—and the woman she believes enabled him—back in the White House,” Baker writes. But her public profile tells a different story. “She used to tweet mostly about her own story and other sexual assaultrelated issues; these days, her feeds are filled with outlandish Clinton conspiracy theories and angry posts about Benghazi.”
Broaddrick also granted her—slightly ambivalent—approval after the Trump campaign, without her permission, used her voice and story in an anti-Hillary attack ad. Though Broaddrick told Buzzfeed that she was “really hurt” when the Trump team pulled audio of her describing the alleged rape, fighting tears, in a 1999 Dateline interview, she said in a radio interview in May that she thought her role in the ad was “important,” and that she wasn't “unhappy” that the clip was used.
For those who don't remember the details of Broaddrick's allegations against Clinton, here's a brief refresher: Broaddrick, who met Clinton when he made a campaign stop at the nursing home where she worked, claims that she'd arranged to meet the then-attorney general in a coffee shop in Little Rock, but at the last minute he instead invited himself to her hotel room, where he raped her “like it was an everyday occurrence.” Broaddrick says she told a few friends at the time, but might never have come forward if lawyers for Paula Jones, the Arkansas state employee who sued Clinton for sexual harassment, hadn't heard about her through word-of-mouth and subpoenaed her in 1998. At the time, Broaddrick signed an affidavit swearing that Clinton had not raped her—hoping, she says now, “to stay out of it.” When Clinton was impeached the next year, however, and federal prosecutor Ken Starr reached out to Broaddrick, she testified the opposite. Ultimately, she agreed to do the 1999 Dateline interview, hoping to lend her voice to the clamor for impeachment.
Starr deemed Broaddrick's claims “inconclusive,” and the Dateline interview didn't air until after the impeachment proceedings had ended. In the end, Broaddrick's testimony didn't stick to Bill Clinton's presidency—but it lingered in the air after his time in the White House had ended. As Lisa Myers, the Dateline reporter who interviewed Broadrrick for NBC News, told Baker: “No one can objectively look at Juanita's story and not be troubled.”
According to Trump—and to Broaddrick herself—voters should be especially troubled to see Hillary Clinton, wife of an accused rapist, running an openly feminist campaign. One New Hampshire voter asked her in December, “You say that all rape victims should be believed. But would you say that about Juanita Broaddrick, Kathleen Willey, and/or Paula Jones?” Clinton replied stiffly: “Well, I would say that everybody should be believed at first, until they are disbelieved based on evidence.” Baker reports that, in the months following this incident, Clinton's campaign seemingly tinkered with its website focused on the issue of campus sexual assault. A block quote on the page once read: “I want to send a message to every survivor of sexual assault: Don't let anyone silence your voice. You have the right to be heard. You have the right to be believed, and we're with you.” The final sentence has since disappeared.
There's a long history of wives being called to account for their husband's sins, as Rebecca Traister has written at New York magazine—and Hillary Clinton has more experience than anyone with that particular American instinct. As Michelle Goldberg wrote for Slate in December, “I don't think for a moment that the people who hope to use Broaddrick against Hillary care about victim blaming. And it would be a profound sexist irony if these accusations, having failed to derail Bill Clinton's political career, came back to haunt his wife.” Of course, irony doesn't begin to capture the glaring dissonance between Trump's enthusiastic support of Broaddrick and his own reportedly violent history with women: His ex-wife Ivana has accused him of rape, though she later disavowed the statement. It's telling that Trump has had so little trouble painting Clinton as a hypocrite while presenting himself as Broaddrick's long-awaited advocate. Often, what a powerful man can brush off, a woman must contend with for the rest of her life. Juanita Broaddrick may know that better than anyone.
This article originally appeared in the Conversation.
Think of a traditional robot and you probably imagine something made from metal and plastic. Such “nuts-and-bolts” robots are made of hard materials. As robots take on more roles beyond the lab, such rigid systems can present safety risks to the people they interact with. For example, if an industrial robot swings into a person, there is the risk of bruises or bone damage.
Researchers are increasingly looking for solutions to make robots softer or more compliant—less like rigid machines, more like animals. With traditional actuators—such as motors—this can mean using air muscles or adding springs in parallel with motors. For example, on a Whegs robot, having a spring between a motor and the wheel leg (Wheg) means that if the robot runs into something (like a person), the spring absorbs some of the energy so the person isn't hurt. The bumper on a Roomba vacuuming robot is another example; it's spring-loaded so the Roomba doesn't damage the things it bumps into.
But there's a growing area of research that's taking a different approach. By combining robotics with tissue engineering, we're starting to build robots powered by living muscle tissue or cells. These devices can be stimulated electrically or with light to make the cells contract to bend their skeletons, causing the robot to swim or crawl. The resulting biobots can move around and are soft like animals. They're safer around people and typically less harmful to the environment they work in than a traditional robot might be. And since, like animals, they need nutrients to power their muscles, not batteries, biohybrid robots tend to be lighter too.
Building a biobot
Researchers fabricate biobots by growing living cells, usually from heart or skeletal muscle of rats or chickens, on scaffolds that are nontoxic to the cells. If the substrate is a polymer, the device created is a biohybrid robot—a hybrid between natural and human-made materials.
If you just place cells on a molded skeleton without any guidance, they wind up in random orientations. That means when researchers apply electricity to make them move, the cells' contraction forces will be applied in all directions, making the device inefficient at best.
So to better harness the cells' power, researchers turn to micropatterning. We stamp or print microscale lines on the skeleton made of substances that the cells prefer to attach to. These lines guide the cells so that as they grow, they align along the printed pattern. With the cells all lined up, researchers can direct how their contraction force is applied to the substrate. So rather than just a mess of firing cells, they can all work in unison to move a leg or fin of the device.
Biohybrid robots inspired by animals
Beyond a wide array of biohybrid robots, researchers have even created some completely organic robots using natural materials, like the collagen in skin, rather than polymers for the body of the device. Some can crawl or swim when stimulated by an electric field. Some take inspiration from medical tissue engineering techniques and use long rectangular arms (or cantilevers) to pull themselves forward.
Others have taken their cues from nature, creating biologically inspired biohybrids. For example, a group led by researchers at California Institute of Technology developed a biohybrid robot inspired by jellyfish. This device, which they call a medusoid, has arms arranged in a circle. Each arm is micropatterned with protein lines so that cells grow in patterns similar to the muscles in a living jellyfish. When the cells contract, the arms bend inwards, propelling the biohybrid robot forward in nutrient-rich liquid.
More recently, researchers have demonstrated how to steer their biohybrid creations. A group at Harvard used genetically modified heart cells to make a biologically inspired manta ray-shaped robot swim. The heart cells were altered to contract in response to specific frequencies of light—one side of the ray had cells that would respond to one frequency, the other side's cells responded to another.
When the researchers shone light on the front of the robot, the cells there contracted and sent electrical signals to the cells further along the manta ray's body. The contraction would propagate down the robot's body, moving the device forward. The researchers could make the robot turn to the right or left by varying the frequency of the light they used. If they shone more light of the frequency the cells on one side would respond to, the contractions on that side of the manta ray would be stronger, allowing the researchers to steer the robot's movement.
Toughening up the biobots
While exciting developments have been made in the field of biohybrid robotics, there's still significant work to be done to get the devices out of the lab. Devices currently have limited lifespans and low force outputs, limiting their speed and ability to complete tasks. Robots made from mammalian or avian cells are very picky about their environmental conditions. For example, the ambient temperature must be near biological body temperature and the cells require regular feeding with nutrient-rich liquid. One possible remedy is to package the devices so that the muscle is protected from the external environment and constantly bathed in nutrients.
Another option is to use more robust cells as actuators. Here at Case Western Reserve University, we've recently begun to investigate this possibility by turning to the hardy marine sea slug Aplysia californica. Since A. californica lives in the intertidal region, it can experience big changes in temperature and environmental salinity over the course of a day. When the tide goes out, the sea slugs can get trapped in tide pools. As the sun beats down, water can evaporate and the temperature will rise. Conversely in the event of rain, the saltiness of the surrounding water can decrease. When the tide eventually comes in, the sea slugs are freed from the tidal pools. Sea slugs have evolved very hardy cells to endure this changeable habitat.
We've been able to use Aplysia tissue to actuate a biohybrid robot, suggesting that we can manufacture tougher biobots using these resilient tissues. The devices are large enough to carry a small payload—approximately 1.5 inches long and one inch wide.
A further challenge in developing biobots is that currently the devices lack any sort of on-board control system. Instead, engineers control them via external electrical fields or light. In order to develop completely autonomous biohybrid devices, we'll need controllers that interface directly with the muscle and provide sensory inputs to the biohybrid robot itself. One possibility is to use neurons or clusters of neurons called ganglia as organic controllers.
That's another reason we're excited about using Aplysia in our lab. This sea slug has been a model system for neurobiology research for decades. A great deal is already known about the relationships between its neural system and its muscles—opening the possibility that we could use its neurons as organic controllers that could tell the robot which way to move and help it perform tasks, such as finding toxins or following a light.
While the field is still in its infancy, researchers envision many intriguing applications for biohybrid robots. For example, our tiny devices using slug tissue could be released as swarms into water supplies or the ocean to seek out toxins or leaking pipes. Due to the biocompatibility of the devices, if they break down or are eaten by wildlife these environmental sensors theoretically wouldn't pose the same threat to the environment traditional nuts-and-bolts robots would.
One day, devices could be fabricated from human cells and used for medical applications. Biobots could provide targeted drug delivery, clean up clots or serve as compliant actuatable stents. By using organic substrates rather than polymers, such stents could be used to strengthen weak blood vessels to prevent aneurysms—and over time the device would be remodeled and integrated into the body. Beyond the small-scale biohybrid robots currently being developed, ongoing research in tissue engineering, such as attempts to grow vascular systems, may open the possibility of growing large-scale robots actuated by muscle.
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Meet Marty, the robot that is teaching kids and makers about programming, electronics and mechanics.
The cute robot is Wi-Fi enabled, can be customized through 3D printing, and with the help of his spring legs, can to do all types of things other robots cannot do.
The founder is currently raising money on Kickstarter, and hopes to ship Marty the Robot kits in early 2017. Read more...
More about Mashable Video, 3d Printing, Kids, Programming, and Real TimeRead This Book! Human Resource Executive Online His sixth book, Silicon Collar, is a Renaissance man's view of automation in the workplace, bringing rare historical perspective and balance to the cry: "The robots are coming!" By Bill Kutik .... And my doctors still can't share information online ... |
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A Red Deer Stag with new antlers covered in a layer of velvet.
By using a low vantage point and by positioning the stag between the sun and the camera I was able to capture a halo of light around the edges of the antlers. This was enhanced by using the dark tree canopy in the distance as a backdrop.
In post processing I reduced the exposure level down so that very little detailed remained other than the glowing outline of the stag.
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Hundreds of photographers have gathered in Rio to follow the action in the Olympic arenas, swimming pools, racetracks, and more. Over the two weeks of the games, I'll be featuring some amazing images from recent Olympic events. Today's entry encompasses rowing, marathon swimming, sailing, weightlifting, steeple-chase, tennis, synchronized swimming, handball, wrestling, a marriage proposal, and much more.
At the end of last month, I received seven birthday cards in the mail. The senders were my mom, a friend from high school, my college roommate, an ex from a relationship that ended in 1984, that ex's mom, someone I've been close to since the mid-'80s, and a guy I met for about 20 seconds as I was leaving a 2014 holiday party.
Of course, those weren't the only birthday wishes I received. Other people sent greetings via Facebook, email, Gchat, Slack, and Twitter. I even got an ecard! And while I genuinely appreciated all those salutations, the one that stuck with me the most—the one I'm staring at three weeks later—was the card from the rando. It's made from 100 percent cotton, tree-free paper, and the design is one I'd choose myself: The letters “HBD” are spelled out in colorful cake-topping sprinkles. Inside was a touching sentiment written in a loose cursive script.
To be fair, describing my acquaintanceship with the person who sent the card exclusively in terms of our face-to-face encounters gives a false impression. Gabriel Arana, the sender, is far from a stranger. He's a journalist whose work I admire; our beats overlap; we move in similar social circles; and we often interact on Facebook. We know each other relatively well for people who've never really spent any time together. In other words, we have the kind of modern friendship that doesn't typically involve sending physical cards through the U.S. mail. Which made receiving one from him all the more memorable.
After a couple of minutes spent staring at the card, I started to question a few things: Upon closer inspection, the handwriting on the envelope looked like the robot script familiar from fundraising appeals. Then I asked myself how Gabe knew my postal address. I searched through my email archive and found a delightful note from him, sent back in January 2015. It began, “I apologize for the mass e-mail, but in order to fulfill my dream of sending people birthday and anniversary cards like a fancy society lady, I need your mailing addresses.” There was a link to a site called Postable.com, which I had apparently followed. So that's how he got my postal address: I had given it to him! Sneaky.
Over at Postable, I learned that the site bills itself as “snail mail heaven.” It notes that postal mail seems special and surprising these days precisely because “it's a pain in the ass to send.” We're all familiar with that particular PITA. In the case of a friend's birthday, you have to remember the date, acquire a card, find the time to compose a message—if I've spent money on a card, I generally want to write more than “Happy birthday”—dig up an appropriate stamp, and take it out to the mailbox. Postable claims it was “created to alleviate that ass pain. We make sending seriously stylish snail mail as easy as sending an email. You type it and we handle all the annoying stuff. We print, stuff, stamp, address and mail all of your cards directly to everyone for you.” (It may sound a little like the letter-writing shop where Joaquin Phoenix works in Her, but with Postable, the words are your own.)
My first response was that this is cheating. Then I consulted my to-do list and noticed that four of the items included the words “send card to.” All had been on the list for a couple of weeks. It's possible that I send more cards than most of the people reading this—I came of age before the email era; I grew up in another country so I rarely see childhood friends to catch up in person; and I'm a stationery addict who's always looking for opportunities to use her pens. But it's still surprisingly difficult for me to write and mail the darned things on time.
Postable offers a wide range of cards—in terms of design and occasion—and generally speaking, they're a little cheaper than the ones I typically buy in the chic card shops of Brooklyn. Cards cost $3 each, or $2 each if you send 10 or more, plus the cost of postage. You can choose among several handwriting fonts—I'm dying to use “As If Your Kid Wrote It,” a tribute to the comically inept letter formation of small children—and there are also various type options. The font you choose for your message is also used on the envelope. You can set up automated birthday and anniversary cards—though you have a chance to tweak the message or cancel before it's sent out—or you can send one-off greetings. I imagine the service is particularly useful for people who are planning a big event like a wedding: Having someone—or something—else take care of dozens of save the date cards and invitations would surely save hours of repetitive toil.
But is snail mail still special if the person wishing you well used an online service rather than taking care of all the details themselves? I confess that when I first examined my Postable card, I briefly felt as though I'd been tricked into thinking it was more personal than it really was. I got over that very quickly, though. The Postable URL had been on the back of the card, but I just hadn't paid it much mind—URLs have become so ubiquitous these days, we barely notice them anymore. And the most important thing was that Gabe had put me on his list. It's always the thought that counts, but he'd also spent real money to wish me a happy birthday.
The more I looked at the Postable site, the more tempting it seemed. Soon enough, I was sending an overdue birthday card to a high-school friend in England. I used one of the cursive scripts for my breezy note—a choice I now regret. That isn't my handwriting, so it lends an unnecessarily ersatz tone. If there's nothing shameful about paying someone to send your cards, why not embrace the artificiality and use a typewriter-style font.
Postable won't let me cross off all the “send card to” entries on my to-do list, though. I know that some friends would be insulted by my time-saving automation, and certain occasions, like sympathy cards, demand a more personal touch. But I'll soon be sending out my own mass email to acquire my friends' addresses and birthdays. I feel guilty when birthday cards are late and Christmas cards go out in January, so why not let a website do some of the work?
Big Think | Bill Nye: Worrying about the AI Robot Apocalypse Is Pointless | Big ... Big Think Bill Nye laughs in the face of the robo-pocalypse. Or more accurately, he laughs at those who worry that AI might run amok. If we build robots that want to kill us, ... and more » |
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A study found that behavioral problems were more common among the children of women who took acetaminophen during pregnancy. But interpreting the results isn't as straightforward as you might expect.
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The tune might not be as catchy as "It's a Small World After All," but this new trailer for Fallout 4's Nuka World add-on uses an infectiously happy tune as the backbeat for its peek into a post-apocalyptic theme park.
There are roller coasters and tilt-a-whirls. Killer robots and laser-spewing aliens. You know, all the ingredients necessary to create the happiest place on Earth in a world where nuclear fallout erased all happiness long ago.
Will the remote control still exist in the future? If MIT and Microsoft have their way then the answer would most definitely be no.
The two have partnered together to create DuoSkin, a unique temporary tattoo that when attached directly to the skin, allows the user to control a range of connected devices.
DuoSkin is made using gold metal leaf, which means that it's cheap, skin-friendly and can support a range of different input options.
The finished product can be styled in a number of ways (so it doesn't scream that you're wearing an advanced piece of wireless technology), and the applications can range from a simple on/off switch to even increasing/lowering the volume on a device.
If you're fed up of losing your Oyster, then DuoSkin could potentially help in the future too. In addition to be a control interface, the tattoos can be equipped with wireless communication devices like NFC receivers allowing you to turn your arm into your very own Oyster card.
Finally the team developed a simplistic display that could also be worn using the same process.
Using ink-like thermochromic pigments, the displays have two different states and can be switched when the liquid is heated beyond body temperature.
As you can probably tell, these are very much in the early stages which means that any channel switching from the comfort of your own arm is still a few years away.
However by creating a faster, easier construction method the project has effectively opened up the space to other research teams to take the technology forward.
Remember the DoNotPay bot? The world's first “robot lawyer” (that we know of, I have questions about some of the attorneys I've met) made a name for itself disputing hundreds and thousands of parking tickets in London and New York City. Creator Joshua Browder, a Stanford student born in the United Kingdom, told Venture Beat that his bot had successfully challenged 160,000 of 250,000 British parking tickets as of June 2016. (DoNotPay opened its “practice” across the pond last fall and came to the States in March.) “I think the people getting parking tickets are the most vulnerable in society,” Browder said at the time. “These people aren't looking to break the law. I think they're being exploited as a revenue source by the local government.”
DoNotPay is essentially a chat bot that asks the user questions to determine what the best course of legal action might be. For instance, it might inquire, of the newly ticketed, whether a sign was visible above the parking space. Or maybe the only nearby lot was too small—it's unreasonable to ticket drivers for not parking in a too-small lot. Once the user has figured out the basis for his appeal, DoNotPay generates an official letter automatically.
That was several months ago. Now, the bot is turning its pro bono efforts to homelessness. The new service launched Aug. 10 in the United Kingdom; Browder wants to take it to San Francisco and New York next. It's a story of unanticipated demand: When DoNotPay began receiving messages about eviction and repossession, Browder realized his digital Saul Goodman could help people apply for emergency housing. According to the Guardian, he consulted a team of volunteer (human) lawyers and pored over FOIA-obtained documents to “figure out trends in why public housing applications are approved or denied.”
That data made its way into the algorithm that shapes DoNotPay's responses to user input. Though the project was only released on Wednesday, Browder told the Guardian he's already seeing people use it to help tackle their housing problems. For instance, to a person evicted from her home, the bot might ask: “Do you have a legal right to live here?” It might say, “Are you legally homeless?” and elaborate with a definition: “Usually, this means that you have no legal right to live in accommodation anywhere in the world.”
The more complicated and delicate cases will likely continue to require a human touch, but DoNotPay may reduce the shame and bother that can come with seeking certain forms of legal aid. With his automated attorney, Browder has bottled the efficiency of statutory expertise, made it convenient to access, and left out the sticky interpersonal stuff. Who—law school grad or otherwise—would object to that?
This robot lawyer helps the newly evicted file for housing aid OCRegister He's the creator of DoNotPay, an online robot that has successfully challenged more than 160,000 parking tickets for drivers in London and New York City. Following the ... “Automation can be helpful, but it can also be incredibly flawed. A lot of our ... and more » |
The Maya population in Guatemala suffered the most during the nation's 30-year civil war, which ended in 1996. Francisco and Lucia traveled to Colorado in the 80s after life became inhospitable in their native country. "What happened is a bit sad,” Fransisco says in this short documentary, Our Heart Within Us. “Discrimination and racism have greatly affected the people, especially the native peoples." Through farming plants indigenous to Guatemala, however, they are able to keep a piece of their ancestral home, despite being in the United States.
This film comes to us from the world-traveling web series The Perennial Plate. To learn more about this series, visit its Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter pages.
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Read more: Green, Nature, Urban Planning, Population, Bible, Environment, Ecology, Green News
The Port of Shanghai is the world's busiest container port, handling more than 35 million TEUs (approximately 776 million tons) of cargo every year. That weight is roughly equal to 1.7 times the mass of all humans living on the planet.
30°37′35″N 122°03′53″E
It's a ritual that pops up every Olympic Games, winners on the podium taking a little bite out of their newly-won medals. While the idea of biting metals to test for purity is an old concept, these poses are purely celebratory—with winners often urged into position by photographers. Below, a collection of some of this year's Olympic athletes in Rio making their medals appear simply delicious.
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NPR's Rachel Martin speaks with economics professor Alan Krueger of Princeton University about how people participate in the gig economy — particularly as Uber drivers — to supplement their incomes.
Zeinab al-Ashry founded the popular Facebook group, "Confessions of a Married Woman." University of California Riverside professor Sherine Hafez talks to Rachel Martin about an online trend in Egypt.
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Vincenzo Coronelli Scientist of the Day
Vincenzo Coronelli, an Italian map-maker, was born Aug. 15 or 16, 1650.
WIRED | 5 Great Podcasts to Listen to While Watching the Olympics WIRED His letter was read online over 200,000 times. (For perspective, there are 800,000 Mennonites in North America.) ... But Steve Dickerson, founder of SoftWear Automation (get it?), made the case that robotics could bring clothing manufacturing back to ... |
Space is “vastly, hugely, mind-bogglingly big,” as the author Douglas Adams put it, and those gargantuan dimensions present a colossal roadblock in the search for alien life beyond Earth. Even if our own Milky Way galaxy is currently teeming with extraterrestrial beings, their worlds could be scattered thousands of light years distant from each other, passing blindly like cosmic ships in the night.
But what if the key obstacle to detecting alien pen pals is not spatial, but rather temporal? That's one of the questions posed by a forthcoming paper in the Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics.
Led by astrophysicist and professor Avi Loeb, who chairs the department of astronomy at Harvard University, the paper charts out the probability of life's emergence from the birth of the first stars 30 million years after the Big Bang to the death of the last stars trillions of years into the future. Loeb's team focused on “life as we know it,” meaning terrestrial organisms on a rocky planet with liquid water, within the habitable zone of its star.
The results suggested that low-mass red dwarf stars are the most likely candidates for hosting habitable planets, thanks to their extreme longevity. These slow burners are only about ten percent as massive as yellow dwarfs like the Sun, but they outlive Sunlike stars thousands of times over.
Red dwarfs may also have some major setbacks, including a propensity for wildness in their youth. Flares emitted by adolescent red dwarfs may singe and sterilize the atmospheres of their surrounding planets, rendering life impossible. Though a recent study demonstrated that some planets within the habitable zones of red dwarfs do have compact atmospheres, similar to Earth, Mars, or Venus, the jury is still out on whether life can exist on these worlds.
But supposing red dwarfs could host life, it stands to reason that the long, stable, adult lifespans of red dwarf systems would amplify opportunity for fledgling ecosystems to bloom. “Our conclusion is that if low-mass stars can support life, then life is much more likely in the future,” Loeb told me. “Since [low-mass stars] live so much longer, they are providing heat to keep a planet warm for longer.”
Indeed, Loeb's team found that life would be about one thousand times more likely to arise in the distant future by calculating the probability of habitable, Earthlike planets forming over trillions of years.
Concept art of TRAPPIST-1, a red dwarf system with planets in the habitable zone. Image: ESO/M. Kornmesser/N. Risinger
The scenario casts Earthlings as early bloomers, prematurely born long before the universe's most fertile life-bearing years. Perhaps this is one possible explanation for the classic Fermi paradox: Have we struck out in our attempts to detect alien intelligence simply because we are the first example of it to show up to the cosmic party?
“It might be morning in the cosmos, to quote Reagan,” Seth Shostak, senior astronomer and director of the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) Institute, told me. “There's going to be a lot more life to come.”
“But there's no reason for any of that to imply that there is a lack of habitation today,” he added.
Indeed, we may be one of several precocious civilizations strewn across the cosmos. But Loeb's team is not alone in speculating that the real heydey of life in the universe lies billions or trillions of years ahead.
Another recent study led by Pratika Dayal, an astrophysicist based at the University of Groningen, came to a similar conclusion by delving into the role that radiation from sources like supernovae and gamma ray bursts have played in habitability over the course of the last 13 billion years.
Her team's models show that decreasing radiation may have resulted in a universe that is 20 times more liveable today than it was four billion years ago, when life first appeared on Earth. The study also projected that our cosmic surroundings will continue to evolve into a more nurturing environment for life in the future.
“People have been taking such different approaches,” Dayal told me. “The paper that Avi [Loeb] wrote takes a different approach to what we're doing, but then all of us are, more or less, coming up with the same answers. It is encouraging because it shows we're on the right track.”
Of course, all of this research will remain inherently speculative until we have built up more observational evidence of the universe's habitability over time, and more robust simulations to interpret that evidence.
“Even the best simulations aren't good enough to study habitability of the universe on an extremely large scale,” Dayal said. “We're just trying to think of clever ways to get around the problem.”
“We should be agnostic until we go and search,” Loeb said.
Still, it's intriguing to ruminate on the implications of humans being the first, or among the first, intelligent life forms to emerge in the cosmos. Let's say we are, for kicks. Does that change how we view ourselves and our place in the universe? Are we elder brothers and sisters to societies that will emerge around stars that have yet to be born? In addition to trying to bridge communication gaps in deep space, should we also reach out across deep time, to the wealth of extraterrestrial beings that are projected to develop billions of years after our Sun dies?
We look for alien life in the stars because we want to learn from other intelligent civilizations, but we may be most valuable as teachers. Even if these speculative future lifeforms are advanced relative to humans, they might welcome information about our perspective on the universe. Imagine what a boon it would be for Earthlings to receive this kind of message-in-a-bottle from a bygone alien society, regardless of whether it was technologically superior to us.
Of course, it's possible that we already are receiving posthumous letters from aliens, but have no way to identify them. “This is one of the key outstanding questions: When you say you look for life in the universe, what do you mean?” Dayal said.
“From the astrophysical perspective, we are basically talking about Earthlike life. But what if it's different? Would you even be able to recognize it? How do we know there's not some form of life trying to communicate with us and we don't know?”
“It's quite possible that there are other forms of life, and that nature has more imagination than we do,” Loeb told me. “We just have one example.”
This is an important limitation to keep in mind for ourselves as well. The only thing more excruciating than the thought of alien attempts at contact falling on deaf ears on Earth is the opposite scenario, in which human messages reach civilizations that can't interpret them. Transcending this problem will be essential to securing even one link in a chain of cognitively sophisticated beings across time and space.
"It's quite possible that such forms of life spread throughout the galaxy, and are mostly in places we don't suspect."
“I bet you'd get a lot of people weighing in on how to communicate with critters that might spring up five, ten, or 100 billion years from now,” Shostak said. “It's a tough problem.”
There are some basic roadmaps for solving it, though each is contingent on major technological breakthroughs. We could, for instance, develop interstellar spaceflight in order to disperse ourselves more widely across the stars. It's a lot easier said than done, but theoretically, it would up the odds of humans sticking around long enough to interact directly with the more populous universe of the future.
“If you are an intelligent form of life like we are—a technological civilization—then everything changes because you are not restricted to live next to a star,” Loeb said. “In principle, such a civilization, if it's very advanced, could move away from the star that hosted it in the beginning.”
“It's quite possible that such forms of life spread throughout the galaxy, and are mostly in places we don't suspect,” he continued. “There might be a lot of spacecraft moving through the galaxy that are not particularly visible to us because they are small. If you imagine a civilization that is hundreds of millions of years old in terms of its technology, the sky's the limit in terms of how widely it would be able to spread.”
Humans may one day develop the capabilities necessary to become this type of star-hopping civilization. Projects like Breakthrough Starshot, which aims to send a fleet of tiny spaceships to the nearest star system, Alpha Centauri, are hoping to pave the way for this achievement.
“Our civilization will have to move somewhere [to survive long-term],” Loeb said. “The nearest example is Proxima Centauri, so we might consider traveling there.”
It's difficult to predict if and when these efforts will come to fruition, and we may ultimately have to submit to our primitive planetary life and its star-exploding expiration date. If so, our plan B for contacting future life could be launching our own epitaphs in the form of robotic spacecraft or radio messages to civilizations that don't exist yet. It would be a shot in the dark, and we'd never know whether we'd succeeded. But it would be a small step towards the connection we so clearly crave from other living denizens of the cosmos.
For now, it's a fun thought experiment. However, if evidence continues to accumulate suggesting that we live in an era of biological sparseness relative to an abundance of future civilizations, it could reorient our attitude to our place in the universe, and our approach to the other creatures—past, present, and future—with whom we share it.
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Performance-Enhancing Spaghetti with Tomatoes and Lentils
Combining whole grain pasta and quick-cooking lentils, this pasta dish gets top marks for speed, flavor, power nutrient delivery and digestibility.
8 ounces whole grain spaghetti
2 tablespoons olive oil
1 onion, finely chopped
2 cloves garlic, minced
pinch red pepper flakes
1 pint grape tomatoes, halved
1 cup lentils, cooked (preferably beluga black lentils or French green lentils, which keep their shape after cooking)
1 handful basil leaves (about 1 cup), chopped
2 cups arugula leaves, coarsely chopped
sea salt and freshly ground pepper to taste
In a large skillet, heat olive oil over medium-high heat. When the oil starts to shimmer, add the chopped onion, garlic and red pepper flakes. Cook, stirring, occasionally, for about 3 minutes, just until the onion starts to soften.
Meanwhile, bring a large pot of water to boil over high heat. When it reaches a rolling boil, add the whole grain spaghetti. Cook spaghetti according to package directions.
Add the halved grape tomatoes to the sauteed onions. Stir to coat the tomatoes in the oil and continue cooking, so tomatoes soften. This should take about 8 minutes, about the length of time it will take for the pasta to become al dente. Stir the lentils in with the tomatoes.
Drain the pasta, reserving 1 cup of the pasta cooking water. Return the pasta to the pot. Add the tomatoes and lentils and pasta water. It has a beautiful starchiness, which, combined with the pasta, tomatoes and lentils, thickens into a spaghetti-hugging sauce. Stir well together.
Add the chopped basil and arugula by the handful, combining just until the greens wilt. Season generously with sea salt and freshly ground pepper. Enjoy at once.
Serves 4.
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Scottish Police have been forced to turn to the Catholic Church after a family in South Lanarkshire were apparently subjected to a campaign of terror by a Chihuahua-levitating poltergeist.…
Arun Khetia posted a photo:
Beautiful male sumatran tiger at Chessington zoo in London. An endangered species with only around 300 left in the wild, this smallest of the tiger species is found in game reserves on the Indonesian island of Sumatra.
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