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“They're the pinnacle, they're what everyone wants to row out here,” Trevor tells me as he loads up his first dory. We're on the Salmon River in central Idaho, packing up for a six-day float through the Frank Church River of No Return Wilderness. I cut my teeth guiding on this river, and I couldn't wait to come back, this time with a camera.
For those that don't know, a dory is a large flat-bottomed row boat, made from various materials including wood, fiberglass, or aluminum. In my eyes (and for most boatman I've encountered), there is no better way to experience a river. In a dory, you can feel “every wave, ripple, and current” that passes beneath the boat. At the hands of a skilled guide, dories are the most maneuverable and responsive boats through a rapid. However, with this speed comes great responsibility. It is awfully easy to put a hole in one of these boats, so only the most skilled guides get to row them.
Trevor grew up around whitewater. His father was one of the early dory guides in Idaho. Trevor's got years of guiding experience under his belt now, but today he's been granted his first dory, the Great Thumb (each boat is named for a threatened or lost place).
As he packs up he tells me about the spots he's most nervous about. He's done this stretch of river dozens of times, but sitting behind the oars of a dory, everything will look different. A shallow rock in a raft means a slight bump, in a dory it can be catastrophic. Gun Barrel rapid on day one will test him, and Black Creek on day two.
“Black Creek,” I ask. Never heard of it. Its been almost 10 years since I last paddled this river, but I was pretty sure I hadn't paddled any Black Creek rapid.
Due to the truly wild and undammed nature of this river, it is always changing. A few years ago Black Creek flash-flooded and filled the river channel with boulders, creating a brand new rapid in its place (and coincidentally took away the iconic Salmon Falls rapid just up stream).
The Salmon River continues to carve a new path, a unique quality for a river today. Trevor and the other guides know that sharing these amazing places with people will be the best way to protect them for future generations. And what better way to go down river than in the Cadillac of boats, the dory.
The Water Is for Fighting project documents the challenges facing our nations freshwater resources. Corey Robinson is a filmmaker and Young Explorer Grantee collecting these stories through film, still pictures and words. Check out the other videos here.
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“Whisky is for drinking, water is for fighting.”
Mathias Appel posted a photo:
Bush katydid nymph (Scudderia curvicauda) collected in Kejimkujik National Park, Nova Scotia, Canada, and photographed at the Centre for Biodiversity Genomics (sample ID: BIOUG19497-D02; specimen record: http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/Public_RecordView?processid=SSKJC3622-15; BIN: http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/Public_BarcodeCluster?clusteruri=BOLD:ACW0241)
At best, just 2,500 Indochinese leopards survive today across Southeast Asia. They have been eradicated from 93% of their historic habitat by snares, poachers, deforestation and declines in prey. Can conservationists stop the bleeding before its too late?
Conservationists have long known that it's hard and in some cases nearly impossible to survive as a tiger in Southeast Asia. Burning forests, high human populations and unflagging demand for tiger blood, tiger skin and crushed tiger bone means the big cats have to tread a daily gauntlet of snares, guns and desperate poachers. Now, conservationists are discovering, belatedly, that the same is largely true for leopards.
A sobering new study in Biological Conservation has found that the Indochinese leopard a distinct subspecies may be down to less than 1,000 individuals. And in the best-case scenario only 2,500 animals survive less than the population of Farmsfield village in Nottinghamshire.
The black coat of melanistic leopards may have made them ‘perfect stalkers' in the dimly-lit rainforests
Related: Tiger country? Scientists uncover wild surprises in tribal Bangladesh
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American alligators and South African crocodiles populate waterways a third of the globe apart, and yet both have detectable levels of long-lived industrial and household compounds for nonstick coatings in their blood, according to two studies from researchers at the Hollings Marine Laboratory in Charleston, South Carolina, and its affiliated institutions, which include the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).
The two studies are first-of-their-kind examinations of PFAA levels in “sentinel” reptile species, especially useful for investigating the impacts of long-lived chemicals in the environment, NIST says in a news statement about the research. PFAAs (perfluorinated alkyl acids) have been used in products that include water-repellent clothes, stain repellents, waxes, nonstick pans and fire-suppressing foams.
Compounds Associated With Liver Toxicity, Reduced Fertility
“Production of some compounds in this family of environmentally persistent chemicalsassociated with liver toxicity, reduced fertility and a variety of other health problems in studies of people and animalshas been phased out in the United States and many other nations. Yet all blood plasma samples drawn from 125 American alligators across 12 sites in Florida and South Carolina contained at least six of the 15 PFAAs that were tracked in the alligator study,” the NIST release says.
Excerpted from the news statement:
In alligators, plasma levels of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) ranged from 1,360 to 452,000 parts per trillion. In May 2016, the Environmental Protection Agency issued a drinking-water health advisory for PFOS and another PFAA, recommending a maximum exposure level of 70 parts per trillion for one of the PFAAs or the sum of the two. High PFOS levels reported for alligators at several sites may suggest the need to test drinking water for contamination at those locations, according to the researchers.
In a separate study, researchers report that all samples drawn from 45 crocodiles at five sites in and around South Africa's Kruger National Park contained detectable levels of four PFAAs, often in different combinations with other of the 15 fluorinated organic compounds tracked. Present in all plasma samples, PFOS levels ranged from 776 to 118,000 parts per trillion.
“Alligators and crocodiles play a dominant role in their ecosystems,” said Jacqueline Bangma, of the Medical University of South Carolina in Charleston. “Similar to humans, they are long-lived top predators. They stay in a select territorywaterways where runoff from human activities accumulates and their PFAA burden increases through the consumption of fish.”
To date, field studies of PFAA levels and health effects in reptiles have been few, focusing mostly on sea turtles. Across studies of animalsfrom rats to frogs to marine mammalsplasma levels, time required to eliminate PFAAs from the body, and health effects vary greatly, making it difficult to extrapolate from one species to another.
The landmark studies were initiated by the Hollings Marine Laboratory, a partnership including NIST, NOAA's National Ocean Service, the South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, the College of Charleston, and the Medical University of South Carolina. Plans are to continue PFAA monitoring on both continents, according to NIST research chemist Jessica Reiner.
Hot Spots Identified
Both studies identified “hot spots,” where PFAA levels were significantly higher than in animals tested at other sites, an indication that the contaminants were emitted by a nearby source. In the U.S. study, median plasma levels of certain PFAAs were highest in alligators on Kiawah Island, an Atlantic Ocean barrier island southwest of Charleston, South Carolina, and on Merritt Island in Florida.
Past use of PFAA-containing foams, such as those employed in firefighting training, may account for the higher levels, the researchers suggest. High environmental concentrations have been reported at fire-training sites and at manufacturing plants.
In contrast, alligators at two sites in the Florida Everglades exhibited some of the lowest levels of the two “highest burden” PFAAs reported across all adult alligators sampled in the U.S. study. The result was somewhat unexpected, Reiner said, because Everglade's alligators have been reported to have some of the highest levels of mercury, a toxic heavy metal, among Florida alligators.
Among the South African crocodiles tested, PFAA levels were highest for animals tested from Flag Boshielo Dam, a reservoir on the Oliphants River, just upstream from Kruger National Park.
Among the American alligators studied, some PFAA levels tended to be higher among males, regardless of locations. Levels also tended to increase with age, as determined by snout length. Age- and sex-related associations with PFAA levels were not found in the crocodiles sampled.
Articles:
I. Christie, J.L. Reiner, J.A. Bowden, H. Botha, T.M. Cantu, D. Govender, M.P. Guillettee, R.H. Lowers, W.J. Luus-Powell, D. Pienaar, W.J. Smit and L.J. Guillette Jr. Perfluorinated alkyl acids in the plasma of South African crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus). Chemosphere. Published: July 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.03.072.
J.T. Bangma, J.A. Bowden, A.M. Brunell, I. Christie, B. Finnell, M.P. Guillette, M. Jones, R.H. Lowers, T.R. Rainwater, J.L. Reiner, P.M. Wilkinson and L.J. Guillette, Jr. Perfluorinated alkyl acids in plasma of American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) from Florida and South Carolina. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. Accepted manuscript online: August 20, 2016. doi:10.1002/etc.3600
David Braun is director of outreach with the digital and social media team illuminating the National Geographic Society's explorer, science, and education programs.
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Braun also directs the Society side of the Fulbright-National Geographic Digital Storytelling Fellowship.