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Disasters And Biodiversity: Integrating The Environment Into Recovery And Reconstruction For A Resilient Tomorrow
The devastating floods in Louisiana and the wildfires in California are a sober reminder of climate change's destructive path. We're facing a harsh reality: frequent and extreme weather events are now the norm for more and more people here at home and abroad.

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Nepal Earthquake. Photo Credit: © Judy Oglethorpe / WWF

As the number and scale of natural disasters around the globe increase, the connection between World Wildlife Fund's environmental work, disasters and humanitarian action has never been more urgent.

Healthy ecosystems not only play an important role in supporting recovery and reconstruction after a disaster, but in reducing future disaster risk.

When governments and vulnerable communities combine environmental conservation practices with humanitarian efforts after natural disaster strikes, it's possible to "build back safer" and improve resilience - for both people and the environment.

The need for environmental disaster response work first became apparent to me after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. I was there during the rebuilding. My involvement began with something unexpected: fish. It never occurred to me that disaster response was a conservation issue, then I saw fisheries being rebuilt post-tsunami. Many builders were using outdated and potentially environmentally destructive methods.

Building materials were needed to rebuild shelters and infrastructures - the need for massive amounts of timber, sand and gravel in a short period of time, poses a serious threat of habitat destruction, and a lack of appropriate spatial planning can expose people to flooding and landslide risk. In Sri Lanka, a community was inadvertently placed in harm's way by relocation from the coastline to an area that was an elephant migratory route.

Our workshop at the World Conservation Congress will examine the concept of ''building back safer and greener'' after natural disasters, and we'll be sharing our Green Recovery and Reconstruction Training Toolkit - the only toolkit of its kind. Its purpose: to guide environmentally responsible rebuilding after a natural disaster and utilize healthy ecosystems to reduce future risk.

The toolkit is a result of our work with the American Red Cross and covers a wide range of topics some of them include: how to assess the environmental impacts of a disaster, strategic site selection and development in the rebuilding process and water and sanitation better practices.

Historically, environmental and humanitarian professionals have worked in isolation. But now, we're routinely meeting each other on the ground. Humanitarian agencies working with disaster survivors are increasingly realizing that a healthy environment is critical to a healthy community. Although challenging at times, bringing together diverse skill sets and perspectives adds strength to every effort. It's in the interest of both of our sectors to work more successfully together in advance of the next crisis -- rather than trying to figure it out afterwards.

The future holds many unknowns regarding how the world is going to be impacted by climate change. What we do know is that unpredictable and intense weather extremes are going to increase. So today, we have to continually learn, adapt and improve as we go. Embrace the uncertainty of tomorrow and work to collectively make the future less scary -- by including the environment in disaster management and providing as many sustainable options as we can.

This post is part of a series on the World Conservation Congress taking place this week. Held every four years, it brings together about 6,000 people, including heads of state, government officials, business leaders, representatives from indigenous groups, scientists, academics, influencers, educators, artists and NGOs, from all over the world to discuss and decide on solutions to the world's most pressing environmental challenges. To read all the posts in this series click here.

A man walks past a boat washed ashore on a beach after Typhoon Haiyan hit on Malapascua Island, off the north coast of Cebu, Philippines in 2013. Photo Credit: © Pablo Sanchez / WWF

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Indonesia tsunami. Photo Credit: © Anita Van Breda / WWF

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WWF staff assesses the building materials being used to reconstruct a community center in Aceh, Indonesia. Photo Credit: © Anita Van Breda / WWF

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Sri Lanka. Photo Credit: © Anita Van Breda / WWF

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1473192555000

science

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Human vs. Pathogen: The Art of Battling Infectious Disease

Mankind vs. Pathogen.

This idea--the ages-old, microscopic battle between parasites, bacteria, viruses and human immune systems--is the essence of the science performed by myself and so many other infectious disease researchers.

Winning this battle, advancing the knowledge and cures necessary to ultimately defeat global diseases, is precisely where our work is focused.

Inspired by the battle our scientists wage against deadly disease-causing pathogens, we have developed a series of posters to capture the spirit of this battle of "Human vs. Pathogen". Our aim is to highlight the creativity, imagination, and passion that infectious disease scientists bring to this battle each day--and the optimism we see right at the epicenter of the struggle.

The posters were a true collaboration between art and science, developed by our team at the Center for Infectious Disease Research and our design partner, Motive. The design muse stemmed from a combination of World War-era public health propaganda posters, classic movie posters, and comic book imagery.

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We are scientists. That's to say, this kind of art-driven project is entirely new for us. At the most basic level, we hope to capture a few imaginations, pique curiosity, and ultimately encourage more people to be advocates for infectious disease science, in every medium.

Why is this important?

It is an interesting time to work in the field of infectious diseases. Zika and Ebola captured the world's attention and concern like nothing we've seen since the dawn of the AIDS pandemic.

With the eyes of the world on these diseases, mountains were moved. Research dollars flowed in, red tape was cut, and the resulting forward progress over the ensuing months and years--researching and understanding the viruses, developing a pipeline of potential cures--amounts to more than has occurred in the previous decades for these diseases.

What this plainly demonstrated to me was the importance of public attention. When our will is there, when we are focused, when we have the imagination to see that life can fundamentally improve, we achieve great results for our collective health and safety.

The problem is that we perpetually find ourselves reacting to crises, when it is already too late to prevent tragedy. What this represents is a crisis of imagination--and it's one of the biggest challenges we face.

"Old news" diseases are often relegated to the back page. The tidal wave of attention we've seen for Zika and Ebola is precisely what we need for other global diseases that quietly continue to have an astronomical, sustained human impact, such as HIV, TB, and malaria. Infectious diseases claim the lives of 14 million people each year. To put that in perspective, this is somewhere near the population of the four biggest cities in the US. Combined.

Our reactive human nature also undercuts the best opportunity we have to combat these diseases: scientific research.

Improving our world's health starts with science. Period.

We cannot combat infectious diseases if we don't understand how they operate and interact with our immune systems. Despite this, little to no research was conducted on the Zika virus, even though it was first discovered in 1947. Centuries later, many unanswered questions remain with tuberculosis and malaria as well.

Today, science is propelling new discoveries every day that hold the potential to save lives. Right now our teams at the Center are performing experiments with potential drugs for Zika, while also prepping a promising malaria vaccine candidate for early next year. These are just two examples.

We know the great influence we can have when more of us pay attention and raise our voice. There is no better time than right now to "join the fight" and champion the science necessary to create a healthier, safer world.

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You can support life-saving science by reaching out to your local elected officials.

Receive your own high-resolution digital version of the "Human vs. Pathogen" poster series with a $25 donation here. All proceeds will benefit the work of the Center for Infectious Disease Research.

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science

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images

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Tempers Flare During Protest Against the Dakota Access Pipeline (23 photos)

In south central North Dakota, members of the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe have been joined by hundreds of other Native Americans and supporters in a protest against the ongoing construction of the Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL), a $3.8 billion oil pipeline meant to carry crude oil from the Bakken oil fields through the Dakotas and Iowa, to Illinois. Over the weekend, protesters were attacked by dogs and sprayed with pepper spray after clashing with private security contractors at a site being bulldozed for the DAPL, which—according tribal officials—was damaging burial and cultural sites. The tribe and its allies have been battling the pipeline construction on the ground and in the courts, fearing not only destruction of sacred cultural sites, but the endangerment of their water supply should an oil spill ever occur.

Native American protesters and their supporters are confronted by security during a demonstration against work being done for the Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL) oil pipeline, near Cannon Ball, North Dakota, on September 3, 2016. Hundreds of Native American protesters and their supporters, who fear the Dakota Access Pipeline will pollute their water, forced construction workers and security forces to retreat and work to stop. (Robyn Beck / AFP / Getty)

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1473188309000

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Clarifications, Re: Fish Sustainability

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Image Credit: Huffington Post Images

I take responsibility for what I write, always. Therefore, I offer a few clarifications and additional explanations to my previous article, "Sustainable Fish Do Not Exist."

In my previous article, I stated that 80% of fish are overfished or overexploited. This 80% figure did come from a FAO report. However, 1) this report was a little outdated, and 2) I did incorrectly state the terms "overfished" and "overexploited" figure.

I do appreciate fisheries management groups for pointing this outdated information to me, along with my misnomers.

In reviewing the most recent FAO report from 2016, What I should have written was that close to 90% of fish are fully-exploited or overfished. To be more specific still, 58% are fully exploited and 31% are overfished.

What this means is that 58% of fish stocks are already at their maximum-production yield with little to no room (if any) to grow in extraction. 31% of fish stocks are already overfished or overexploited, and this figure has been growing since 1974 and continues growing every year (see FAO graph below).

While it is worth noting that 10% of fish stocks globally are underfished, this percentage been falling since 1974.

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Image Credit: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2016) - State of World Fisheries.

Meanwhile, world population is expected to grow by another third by 2050 - nearing 9.7 Billion people (see chart below), and some fish stocks are already on the verge of collapse.

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Image Credit: United Nations (2015) World Population Prospects

In fact, a recent 2016 FAO report - "Fish to 2030" states, "Supplying fish sustainably--producing it without depleting productive natural resources and without damaging the precious aquatic environment--is a huge challenge. We continue to see excessive and irresponsible harvesting in the capture fisheries and in aquaculture. Disease outbreaks among other things, have heavily impacted production..."

So, while aquaculture and fish farming are growing and now represent about 1/2 of all fish produced in the world, there do remain some problems including pollution, disease outbreak, and some excessive use of wild fish as food for farmed fish, though this too, is improving.

Thus, it is remains difficult for me to understand how increased overexploitation and an increased world population who desires to consume more fish, could remain sustainable.

What's more, several fish species have been declared as critically endangered and threatened with extinction by the International Union on the Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

And, to exacerbate the lack of sustainability in fisheries it has further been reported by the National Institutes of Health fish oils may not be as beneficial as believed. They are certainly not detrimental, but they don't really provide any major benefits.

According to the Institutes of Medicine, only the plant-based sources of omega-3s, Alpha Linolenic Acid (ALA) and Linolenic Acid (LA) have reference intake values known as adequate intake levels, essentially meaning the minimum level we should be striving to eat every day. Meanwhile, DHA and EPA, the "famous omega-3s," those found in fish, do not. Besides that, DHA can be obtained from algal sources of omega-3.

Finally, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, climate change is expected to create problems with ocean health and fisheries health, through acidification (increasing mortality of certain shellfish and corals), temperature changes (displacing fish stocks), changes to important ocean currents, and even by worsening or increasing oceanic dead zones.

So, to conclude: I did mis-report some figures on overfishing. However, with overfishing growing and underfishing declining, with world population growing, climate change, and some overfishing and collapse of fisheries already present, I still believe that sustainable fish are hard to come by.

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On Finding a Rare and Special Bosque Treasure
During my regular excursions into the Bosque, the nearby grove of cottonwoods that border the Rio Grande (the largest such grove in New Mexico, North America, and supposedly the world), I'm always on the lookout for something remarkable and memorable -- something to revisit or to show to my Bosque-buddies. Most of these memorabilia are living, like a friendly coyote that hangs out in the same area, a school of carp in a ditch, or a certain Cooper's hawk that is sure to return to her nest every spring and with her mate conceive and nurture that year's nestlings. Others are unliving, like the stump that others and I had previously written about: a holy place for prayer, meditation, and meeting new friends.

Two days ago on a new path, I came on a very special Bosque treasure. It was a group of beautiful and healthy flowers (it's monsoon season in New Mexico). They are lily-like, tall, white, and proud. In the high desert where flowers - especially large, showy ones -- are scarce and thus looked upon with much admiration. No wonder the natives of the Southwest were enticed by the Jimson Weed (datura) to interact with it in several ways just as I was; however, for me, that meant learning about this beautiful find in the Internet.

For example, Peruvian-born American author Carlos Castaneda in his writings beginning with The Teachings of Don Juan in 1968 wrote extensively about this plant, in which he claimed that a "Yaqui Man of Knowledge" named Don Juan instructed him in the preparation and uses of all parts of the plant, roots, leaves, flowers and seeds for recreational and spiritual purposes.

Jimson Weed (Datura stramonium) is also called Sacred Thorn Apple, Sacred Datura, Devil's Snare, Angel Tulip, Mad Apple, Peru Apple, and Locoweed) is the name of a poisonous perennial plant and ornamental flower of southwestern North America. The leaves and seeds are used to make medicine as well as in spiritual practices around the world. Despite serious safety concerns, jimson weed is used to treat asthma, cough, flu (influenza), swine flu, and nerve diseases. Some people use it as a recreational drug to cause hallucinations and a heightened sense of well-being (euphoria).

Here are some interesting tidbits I harvested on the web about my new-found flower:

In 1676, a group of soldiers in Jamestown, Virginia accidentally dined on a salad made from D. stramonium leaves. They proceeded to exhibit very bizarre behavior. Thus the name became Jamestown Weed, which morphed into Jimson Weed.
Many North American peoples blend datura leaves with other herbs and kinnikinnick smoking blends to assist in "vision quests" (a rite of passage in some Native American cultures consisting of a series of ceremonies led by Elders including a complete fast while alone at a sacred site in nature.)
Anglophone settlers in California often called it "Indian whiskey" because of its ritual intoxicating use by many tribes; the name "sacred datura" has the same origin.
The Mixo of Oaxaca, Mexico believe that the plant spirit of datura is an elderly wise woman. When they harvest the seeds of the plant, they pray that she may heal the illness of the individual for whom the seeds are being harvested. The seeds are then consumed ritually.
Among the Zuni people, the powdered root is given as an anesthetic and a narcotic for surgery. They also apply a poultice of root and flower meal applied to wounds to promote healing. The Zuni people also use the plant for ceremonial and magical purposes. The root pieces are chewed by a robbery victim to determine the identity of the thief. The powdered root is used by rain priests in a number of ways to ensure fruitful rains.
"I asked Aunt Bett why we couldn't pick that beautiful white flower that bloomed in the evening and on into the night. She sat me down right then and there and told me the story of near death and destruction brought about by the misuse of the Devil's Plant. And she made me promise to never touch Devil's Plant no matter what, 'cause the devil got ahold of anybody who did." [from an Appalachian journalist]

So, in conclusion, I will be revisiting and paying my respects to the patch of Jimson weeds, until they retire for the winter; I will show them to my Bosque buddies; and I will eagerly await their return each late summer monsoon season; but what I won't do - I promise - is give their leaves, seeds, or roots a taste - or even a feel

Seedpods to carry about with you:

From Aldo Leopold: The last word in ignorance is the man who says of an animal or plant: 'What good is it?
From Henry David Thoreau: I went to the woods because I wanted to live deep and suck out all the marrow.
From George Washington Carver: I love to think of nature as an unlimited broadcasting station, through which God speaks to us every hour, if we will only tune in.
From Carlos Castaneda: For me there is only the traveling on paths that have heart, on any path that may have heart, and the only worthwhile challenge is to traverse its full length--and there I travel looking, looking breathlessly.

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Just Stop Hurting Elephants
It's undeniable; elephants are majestic, captivating, inspiring, and magnificent. People across the globe pay attention to their well-being and their plight.

They amaze us as they traverse the African savannah or navigate the Asian tropical forests in matriarchal herds: grandmothers, mothers, daughters, granddaughters, aunts, nieces, and cousins, all living together in strong family systems. They disperse vital seeds, ensuring an enhanced and viable ecosystem. They mourn the dead in poignant burial rituals.

Yet, despite our profound love for elephants and amazement at their very existence, humans have a unique, inexplicable capacity to bring pain and suffering to individual elephants as we simultaneously engage in behaviors that hasten their demise in the wild.

Captive elephants suffer inexplicable indignity. They are forced to "live" in small enclosures that prevent their naturally gregarious and inquisitive behaviors. They languish with comparable immobility, never able to walk the long distances that their wild cousins do. They are forced to perform insane tricks for gawking onlookers that include balancing on a ball, walking on their back legs, perching their front legs on the elephant before them, and carrying thoughtless humans around a ring.

They don't do this willingly. They are "trained." This training is often accomplished with the use of the barbaric bullhook: a stick with a metal spike at the tip that is plunged behind the elephant's ear or into her leg. It's used to induce action; the right action; the action that the cruel trainer is seeking.

In California, no more.

This week, California governor Jerry Brown signed into law legislation introduced by state senator Ricardo Lara from Bell Gardens that prohibits keeping elephants anywhere that uses a "bullhook, ankus, baseball bat, axe handle, pitchfork, or other device designed to inflict pain for the purpose of training or controlling the behavior of an elephant."

Absolutely amazing! I extend my thanks and congratulations to The Humane Society of the United States, Performing Animal Welfare Society (PAWS), and Oakland Zoo for sponsoring this important bill.

It's quite simple, isn't it? In 2016, there is no excuse for keeping elephants in captivity anywhere. They belong in the wild. But, in 2016, if an elephant is to be kept in captivity, there is no excuse for using a bullhook to control her. If you can't manage without a bullhook, get out of the elephant business.

California follows Rhode Island in making this compassionate legislative change. As far as I'm concerned, that's two states down--and 48 to go.

I certainly hope this puts more and more elephant attractions out of business. That said, there are still so many elephants sadly clinging to deprived lives in American zoos, bullhook or not. The San Antonio Zoo, for instance, has been expanding its captive elephant group by pulling elephants "on loan" from the Ringling Bros. circus elephant center in Florida. Imagine: an elephant is grotesquely forced to do stupid and demeaning tricks in a circus, shuttled around the country by rail. She's chained, year after year. When she's FINALLY "retired" to a comparatively peaceful new home in Florida, she's suddenly sent to a zoo in San Antonio. I think the phrase is something about adding insult to injury.

Again, an enlightened society should be moving elephants out of circuses and zoos, and into peaceful sanctuary life immediately and permanently. No excuses. They suffer in captivity, psychologically and physically. They die young in captivity.

Stop beating them with bullhooks. Stop incarcerating them in a living hell. Just stop.

Keep Wildlife in the Wild,

Adam

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1473188092000

science

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Do You Have a Negative Attitude about Aging?
By Kate Wheeling

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Everyone reacts differently to stressful events, but new research, published last week in the Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, shows that our outlook on aging could affect how we deal with the stress of daily life.

Past research on how older adults react to stress has produced a mixed bag of results, according to Jennifer Bellingtier, a Ph.D. student at North Carolina State University, and lead author on the new study. Some studies show that older individuals handle stress better compared to their younger peers, while others find older adults are worse off. Some show that both groups fare about the same. "We thought aging attitudes could be a factor that explains why these results are all over the place," Bellingtier says.

"The research base is definitely building that it's important to have positive attitudes toward aging," she explains. Adults who hold a more negative view of aging report lower levels of life satisfaction, well-being, and social supports, and they're more likely to be hospitalized or to die young.

To find out if aging attitudes could also influence stress responses day to day, the researchers sent nine days' worth of surveys to 43 adults between 60 and 96 years old. On day one, the survey assessed participants' general attitudes toward aging ("I am as happy now as I was when I was younger," for example). For the remaining eight days, participants filled out surveys before bed about any stressful events -- such as disagreements or health problems -- and their moods.

As the team predicted, stressful events had little effect on the moods of adults with positive attitudes toward aging. On the other hand, participants with more negative views about aging had stronger emotional reactions to daily stressors.

The takeaway, according to Bellingtier, is that it's not just hypothetical, future events like hospitalizations that attitude can influence. "What we're adding is that it's also affecting how you respond to daily life," Bellingtier says. "It's going to affect you right now."

There are, however, several factors that affect the generalizability of these results. The participants were mostly women, and the study group was relatively small (though Bellingtier notes that the team has nine data points for almost every participant, which makes the data set more statistically powerful than other studies with a similarly small sample size). Additionally, all the study participants were from the United States.

"When you're looking at aging attitudes, those are always in a cultural context," Bellingtier says. In the U.S., growing older is not typically seen as a positive thing; in the media, for example, older adults tend to be portrayed as a burden or the butt of jokes. Many other cultures view their elders as wise and worthy of respect. More research is needed to find out if those attitudes protect older adults in other cultures from day-to-day stress as well.

But given the growing evidence that what goes on in our minds can influence what goes on in our bodies, maybe we could all use an attitude adjustment.

This article was originally published on Pacific Standard. Read the original article.

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science

Power Of Nature by Nicola Tassis

If you like my works follow me on: Facebook Instagram

Elephant and Monk ,Surin Thailand by Saravut Whanset

Elephant and Monk ,Surin Thailand

blue by Enrico Burani

Untitled by Skylor Black

Sunrise in the Alps by Clemens Weiss

After a horrible thunderstorm at night, this sunrise made up for all the trouble we had to go through. Hope you guys like it

. : magic mushrooms : . by Martin Pfister

origin by Marta Bevacqua

out on Irk Magazine, with Juliet Searle and make up by Meyloo follow me on facebook : https://www.facebook.com/MartaBevacquaPhotography/ or instagram @martabevacqua for more photos and news. www.martabevacquaphotography.com

hangs. by Johannes Hoehn